Russula fellea
The bile - Täubling ( Russula fellea )
The bile - Täubling ( Russula fellea ) is a species of fungus in the family Täublingsverwandten ( Russulaceae ), it takes its name from its bitter, sharp taste.
- 7.1 Literature
- 7.2 Notes and references
- 7.3 External links
Features
Macroscopic characteristics
The cap is 4-10 cm wide, only arched, soon spread out flat, especially dünnfleischig at the edge. In the age of the hat at the edge is serrated something. The hat skin is in damp weather sticky - greasy and shiny when dry but dull and lackluster. They can only be removed at the edge. The color is pale ocher- yellow or straw - yellow to honey, and typically in the edge region brighter than in the middle.
The dense, very thin lamellae are relatively narrow and are up to 4-10 mm high. They are whitish young and later as the marginal zone of the hat creamy yellow. The spore powder is whitish (Ia- Ib Romagnesi ).
The stem is 3-6 cm long and 1-2 cm wide, fixed only young, later brittle and fragile. Likewise, light ocher colored to yellowish, he has roughly the same color as the border area of the hat. At places he touched turns ochraceous.
The meat is dirty white to yellowish, brittle and has a typical sweet, fruit -like odor, reminiscent of mustard sauce, on apple compote or pelargoniums ( geraniums ). The meat tastes very sharp and is also often bitter.
Microscopic characteristics
The spores are nearly globose to ellipsoid (8-11 × 7-8 microns ). They have fine, net-like connections between the spiny- pointed, to 0.7 microns high warts. The very common pleurocystidia are between 55-115 microns long, 6-8.5 (-10) microns wide, they have pointed to or are appendikuliert cuspidate. The basidia are 40-50 microns long and 8-10.5 wide, and each bear four spores.
The Pileozystiden in the hat skin are common, they are cylindrical or narrowly clavate shaped and can be stained well with Sulfovanillin. They are not, or one or two times septate. The hyphal end cells in the hat skin are clavate to cylindrical or wound. The hyphal cells contain Vakuolenpigmente, but also membrane pigments before coming.
Artabgrenzung
The bile - Täubling is fairly easy to determine. Characteristic of him is the continuous pale ocher yellow color of the hat brim, the lamellae of the stem and of the flesh. He also has a burning, sharp taste and an intense sweet fruit - like odor reminiscent of Pelagonia or mustard sauce.
A certain similarity, the lemon or Ockertäubling ( Russula ochroleuca ), whose hat is but always colored uniform yellow and his hat color is always in stark contrast to the white fins, hence the epithet ochroleuca ( ocher and white), yellow ocher hat, white lamellae. The Ockertäubling has an almost mild highest easily sharpened taste and is almost odorless.
Another similar type is the rare flour stem Russula ( Russula farinipes ) with similar pungent taste and distinct apple smell. His hat is uniform yellow ocher colored and furrowed clearly on the edge. It is to be clearly distinguished under the microscope by the isolated warty spores.
Ecology
The bile - Täubling, like all russulas, a mycorrhizal fungus. The most important symbiont is the beech, besides also more coniferous and deciduous trees are like the common spruce, silver fir and oak trees as a partner. The species is a characteristic fungus of European beech forests in humid summer and cool layers on sickerfrischen to moist soils. Preference is moderately to well supplied with bases and nutrients soils with loose gauze and fashion Rauf situation over sand, bedrock, marl, basalt or limestone. In addition, the gall - Täubling in hornbeam and oak mixed forests occurs where it is then often associated with the oak. At higher elevations occurs acidic to boggy soils, spruce, partly also the white fir as Mykorrhizapartner opposite the beech in the foreground. In Central Europe the fruiting bodies appear most sociable July to November, partially delivers the kind on voreilend.
Dissemination
- Countries with records by
- Countries with no evidence
- No data
- Non-European countries
The bile - Täubling occurs in Europe, Israel and North Africa ( Morocco). There is also evidence from North America, but here it is questionable whether the North American tribes are actually cognate with the European " Russula fallea ", or whether the collections made with very similar species such as Russula simillima, were confused. In Europe, the nature of Spain and Italy before coming to Bulgaria and Romania in the southeast in the south. In Western Europe it is throughout the UK, the Irish island and the Benelux countries often up quite often. One has the Täubling even found in the Hebrides in beech plantations. In the north of its range extends to southern Scandinavia. The northernmost record from Sweden comes from the Gastrikland ( latitude 60 degrees). In Norway, the gall - Täubling was still observed in Ålesund ( 62 latitude). With high probability the Täubling occurs in almost complete range of the beech, so he is naturally widespread and common in the whole of Central Europe.
In Germany the gall - Täubling throughout the territory of the North and Baltic Sea coast to the Alps widespread up frequently. Also in Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Austria, the fungus is common.
System
Usually the gall - Täubling is placed in the sub-section Felleinae within the section Ingratae. Bon (1988 ) shifts the sub-section Felleinae in its systematics in the section Russula. The Mykorrhizaanatomie and molecular genetic studies support this step.
Use
The bile - Täubling is not edible mushroom, he probably is toxic. Because of its sharp and bitter taste it is inedible anyway.