Sagara Tomoyasu
Chian Sagara (相 良 知 安; * April 1, 1836 [ Note 1 ] in Yae, Hizen Province, † November 10, 1906 in Tōkyō ), partly incorrect Sagara Tomoyasu, [note 2] was a Japanese physician, bureaucrat and reformer who reached against fierce resistance that Japan decided in 1870 for the modernization of medicine according to the German model. [Note 3]
Life
Sagara Chian 1836 (Japanese calendar: Tenpō 7), the third son of the physician Sagara Ryūan (柳 庵) in the village Yae (八 戸 村) in the district Saga ( province of Hizen ), born today part of the city of Saga ), where the heads of families since generations as a surgeon in the service of the feud were. The family moved twice during his childhood place of residence, but this was not far from the castle as in the case of Yae. [Note 4] His childhood name was Hirōsaburō (広 三郎), later he called himself Bunkei (文 庆), then Kōan (弘 庵) and finally Chian [note 5] Then the father received only moderate income as a surgeon, Chian grew up in modest circumstances, as well as living in the immediate vicinity, two years older Eto Shinpei (江 藤 新 平, 1834-1874 ), the equally his name in history Meiji- era left behind.
About Sagara childhood is up on a smallpox nothing survived. [Note 6] At the age of 16 years Sagara began with a visit to the school of the fief ( Kodokan ,弘道 馆), in which he received an education in the Chinese literature and other traditional disciplines. Among his classmates was the future founder of Waseda University and statesman Okuma Shigenobu. In the same year the sovereign Nabeshima Naomasa (锅 岛 直 正) founded a school for Holland customer ( rangaku ). Among the chosen for this new institution students Sagara, who under the guidance of Oba Zessai (大 庭 雪 斎, 1805-1873 ) was the study of the Dutch language recorded. 1858 a school of medicine ( Kōseikan ,好生 馆) was established in Saga. Sagara here received a medical education, which he continued in 1861 with Takanaka Satō (佐藤 尚 中) in school Juntendo (顺 天堂), Sakura. After only two years, he rose in recognition of his services to the conductor ( jukutō ,塾 头) on this school in Osaka was one who served as Ogata Koan Tekitekijuku (适 々 塾) the best facilities of its kind in Japan. Here Sagara established close relationships with some personalities who should play an important role in the modernization of Japanese medicine later: Iwasa Jun (岩 佐 纯) from the fief Fukui, Hasegawa Tai (长谷川 泰) from the fief Nagaoka ( Echizen province ), Shiba Ryūkai (司马 凌海) from the island of Sado and Toyo Sasaki (佐 々 木 东洋) from Edo. 1863 Sagara went on arrangement from Saga to Nagasaki, where the Dutch navy doctor Anthonius Franciscus Bauduin ( 1820-1885 ) as the successor of the pioneer Johannes Pompe van Meerdervort promoted the modernization of medical education and therapy. Here, too, he soon rose to the head of the Japanese since 1865 Seitokukan (精 得 馆) on said device.
1865 founded the feudal saga, which was responsible for the security of the maritime area against the Empire domain Nagasaki along with the fief Fukuoka, Nagasaki a language school ( Chienkan ,致远 馆), where the Dutch- American missionary Guido Herman Fridolin Verbeck ( 1830-1890 ) [note 7] provided a training in English.
1867 Chian went back to Saga, was assistant professor (教导 方差 次) in the fief school Kōseikan and personal physician of the sovereign Naomasa, with whom he moved to Edo in 1868. This year, the rule of the Tokugawa shoguns, which had lasted nearly 270 years, collapsed definitively in the course of the so-called Meiji Restoration. Under the new decision-makers you will find many former samurai of the middle ranks, especially from the relatively progressive fief in Kyushu and Tosa ( Shikoku ).
In 1869 Sagara Chian and commissioned the above Iwasa jun reform Medizinalwesens. Sagara, the ( Daijō daigakugon ,大学 権 大 丞) as a kind of State for Higher Education Affairs cared primarily about the training of doctors was reached in the course of his long studies on the belief that the German medicine for Japan the best model offered. According to him, it was in the majority of previously translated from Dutch to German art books. German researchers such as Virchow, Koch, cancer, etc. would have made groundbreaking discoveries. Also, the pressure acting at that time as a teacher, which was founded in 1869 new Medical School in Tokyo Verbeck and Sagara companions of old Ōsumi Shigenobu (大 隈 重 信), Soejima Taneomi (副 岛 种 臣) and Eto Shinpei (江 藤 新 平) supported this view. There was, however, under the impression of the great merits, which the physician William Willis (1837-1894) had acquired in the care for the injured in the fighting of the upheaval years, as well as the energetic intercession of the English ambassador Harry Smith Parkes (1828-1885) in the circles of the Meiji government -known supporters of the British Medical Saigo Takamori as, Yamauchi Yodo (山 内容 堂), Okubo Toshimichi and Fukuzawa Yukichi.
The limited run under medical aspects confrontation ended with a victory Sagara and his supporters. In October 1869, the Cabinet approved the introduction of German medicine. Willis, who has already worked as a professor at the new university in Tokyo and now disturbed, received a call to the remote Kagoshima, where he laid the foundations for the later medical faculty of the University of Kagoshima.
1870, the first nine Japanese were sent to perform a government scholarship to study in Berlin. One of them was Sagara Chians younger brother Motosada, medicine studied to promotion. At the same time came to the Prussian minister resident Maximilian August Scipio von Brandt (1835-1920) an application for appointing two German doctors. In May, the decision was made for the military physician Leopold Müller and the naval staff physician Theodor Eduard Hoffmann, but the German - French war delayed the departure, so that both arrived in August 1871 in Yokohama and took their position at the Medical University in Tokyo. [NB. 8] During the following decade came 13 teachers from the German-speaking world after Japan.
In these years of power struggles and intrigues Sagara, who had reached his goal against fierce resistance remained, not unscathed. One of his subordinates was suspected financial irregularities, and also Sagara was arrested in the meantime. However, he again reached his freedom in 1872 and rose for the first Rector of the Medical University No. 1. His influence continued to grow with the appointment as director of the Medizinalamts ( imukyoku ,医务 局) in the Ministry of Culture and at the same time head of the Building Department ( chikuzōkyoku ,筑 造 局). In this capacity, he designed the statutes of the new Medizinalwesens ( isei ryakusoku ,医 制 畧 则), but he was in 1873 suddenly freed from all duties. His successor was Medizinalamt Nagayo Sensai (长 与 専 斎), a likewise taner of the German medical doctor and politician. Nagayo took Sagara design and ensured that this remained virtually unchanged entered into force by proclamation in 1874.
The reasons for dismissal Sagara are not satisfactorily resolved. He was not the only one whose CV in these years of upheaval took such twists. He spent the following years in the ministry without specific tasks. In 1885 he retired from all positions in the final retirement back.
Sagara, the wife and children had left in Kyushu, but not returned to the family. The now following frequently changing addresses in Tokyo indicate a rapid social decline. Finally Sagara even gave up any medical activity and earned his livelihood with the establishment of oracles in the Chinese style. In 1906, he died from a viral flu. His final resting place he found in the temple Joun ( Joun -in城 云 院) cemetery in Saga.
In April 2012, the Prefecture Saga created in cooperation with the Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo the " Itō Genboku - Sagara Chian Award ".