Saint Dominic
Saint Dominic (Latin Dominicus, * 1170 in Caleruega in Burgos, Old Castile; † August 6, 1221 in Bologna, Italy) was the founder of the Order of Preachers. He is venerated in the Roman Catholic and the Anglican Church as a saint.
Life
Youth
Dominic was born to a wealthy family in Caleruega, his parents Felix and Johanna were probably active as merchants. The previously stated hypothesis that Dominic comes of the noble family of Guzman is now considered refuted. The family stood near the church: One of his brothers was a secular priest, who was involved in a hospital in nursing. His brother Manes later joined also to the Dominican Order. The mother Joan and brother Manes were beatified.
At the age of five years, Dominic was taken to a maternal uncle, who was archpriest. There he was taught until he began to study liberal arts in Palencia at the age of 14 years., Soon after, he began to study theology and philosophy. Impressed by a famine he sold while studying his own books to help with the proceeds needy.
Kanonikerzeit
In 1196 he became canon of the Canons Regular of the Cathedral of El Burgo de Osma and 1201 sub-prior.
At the beginning of the 13th century, he traveled with his bishop Diego de Acebo through southern France, where the time was the Cathars at their peak. It occurred to him that the Albigenses, as they called the Cathars in southern France to their stronghold Albi, people attracted by the strict asceticism and the intellectual level of their leaders. That was the extravagant lifestyles of the bishops and the often small theological formation of priests in stark contrast. The Cathars preached the common people, which only the bishops and few which were reserved by these officers in the Catholic Church. Convinced that there are better means than violence to combat heresy, Dominic joined by chance - first together with his bishop - a group of Cistercian abbots in the missionary mandate of Pope Innocent III. and led a life as a traveling preacher in the regions of Languedoc. Initially brought him the little success, but insults, threats and stone throwing. He soon realized that the preaching of the Zisterzienserlegaten had little success because of their lavish appearance. He combined his sermon with a disciplined spiritual life and intensive study to find the best possible arguments against heresy, and engaged in theological disputations with the Cathars. Bishop Diego founded a monastery in Prouille. This was close to Dominkus, and it should form a counterpoint to the convents of the Cathars, in which many, even non- Cathar girls received an education. The Archbishop of Toulouse, Folquet de Marselha, asked him a church available and determined that the sixth part of the tithes of his diocese should be given to the community of Dominic. Beginning in 1215 gave Peter Dominic Seilhan his house at this church and was accepted into their community of preachers. Thus, the community had now its own site in Toulouse.
1208 was the Cistercians and papal legate Pierre de Castelnau, with the connivance of Count Raymond VI. of Toulouse, murdered. This was Pope Innocent III. to have long sought occasion to demand the support northern French princes and the king of France to a crusade against the Cathars and their local supporters, especially the Count of Toulouse (. Raimund VI) and the viscounts of Béziers (see: Albigensian Crusade ) to companies. To the leader chosen by the French participants Simon IV de Montfort was Dominic since 1204 in a personal relationship. He was succeeded by his army, however, dealt primarily to preach to the conquered places. From 1212 to 1215 it three times a bishopric was offered, but declined each from Dominic.
Founding of the order
In 1215 he founded in Toulouse with six other a community with the purpose to spread the Catholic doctrine and to combat heresy. In the same year the Fourth Lateran Council was held in Rome, the tenth chapter calls for an intensification of preaching and pastoral care. As Dominic by Pope Innocent III. an authorization requested for religious establishment, this was refused, but he was encouraged to take an existing rule of the order. So Dominic accepted the rule of the Augustinian canons. He added the rule to adopt stricter rules on ownership and poverty, from experience, that it was mainly the material secularization of the Church and its officials who damaged their credibility among the population and favored the emergence of heresies. However, he allowed from the beginning pensions to some extent, also he added monastic Askesevorschriften to. On December 22, 1216 Order was confirmed by the Pope in a bull, found in 1217 in another bull for the first time the name preacher mention.
Expansion of the Order
From the outset stressed the Order of Preachers - the official name of the Dominicans - the study, in stark contrast to Francis of Assisi, who did not even allow his brothers owning a Psalter. The Dominicans had to be intellectually well- equipped to meet the arguments of the heretics, and therefore their novices received a thorough training. 1217 Dominic sent the brothers to Spain and Paris and left only a small part in Toulouse. This was probably the most politically unstable situation in southern France. Pope Honorius III. used in a papal bull of February 11 for the first time the concept of " Brothers of the Order of Preachers ." Dominic held at that time in Rome and sent some brothers in the emerging university town of Bologna. Dominic was burning for the salvation of souls, a restless traveler. In the second half of the year 1218 he traveled to Spain and visited the convent of the nuns in Madrid and the brothers convent in Segovia, in July 1219, a stay in Paris is attested, in which it was mainly about clarifying the question of poverty, ie how poor the brothers should actually live, and in August 1219 he lived in Bologna. At the turn of 1219/1220 blazed his earlier -cherished desire to evangelize the Gentiles, again, but it came the reform of the Roman nunneries in between, to which he had been asked by the Pope. In May 1220, finally, the first general chapter of the new Order in Bologna took place in the fall followed by a trip to Lombardy. Shortly afterwards, he was again in Rome and founded the convent of Santa Sabina. In June 1221 the second general chapter already took place in Bologna. The Order grew rapidly: in the four years after the foundation created nine priories in Italy, six in France and two in Spain, the brothers preached in England, Scandinavia, Hungary and Germany with a total of 60 convents. In Paris and Bologna soon taught Dominican professors. Dominic traveled from monastery to monastery, and preached himself with great success ( according to legend, he is said to have converted tens of thousands in Lombardy ).
Death and canonization
On August 6, 1221 Dominic died at age 51 after several weeks of illness in Bologna in the odor of sanctity. According to tradition, after Dominic died in the bed of a fellow brother because he did not own. Of his brothers, he was described as balanced, friendly and cheerful man with a lot of compassion for any kind of suffering. On May 24, 1233, the grave was opened Dominic convert beds to his relics in the presence of the Archbishop of Ravenna, Theodoric.
Worship
Dominic was born on July 13, 1234 by Pope Gregory IX. canonized. His feast day in the Roman Catholic Church, and the Anglian church is the 8th August. This Memorial Day is also found in the calendar of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
In the Catholic Church of St. applies. Dominic the patron saint of astronomers, scientists, falsely accused, the Dominican Republic and the cities of Bologna, Madrid and Cordoba. He is usually depicted with the attributes of the cross, rosary, book and globe, lilies, a star on the forehead and a dog with a burning torch.
Patrozinien
- Dominikuskirche, Dominican Monastery
- Saint- Domingue, the island
- Saint Dominic (English )
- Saint Dominique (French )
- San Domenico (Italian )
- Santo Domingo, and San Domingo (Spanish )
- São Domingos (Portuguese )
Trivia
1963 reached the Belgian nun Sœur Sourire with a song about St.. Dominic titled Dominique the # 1 U.S. hit parade.