Skolt Sami language

Spoken in

Uralic

• Skoltsamisch

-

Sms

Sms

The skoltsamische language (self- designation sää'mǩiõll ) is a language of the eastern group of the Sami languages ​​and thus belongs to the Finno -Ugric main group within the Uralic language family. It is spoken by an estimated 320-330 people, including 300 in Finland and 20-30 in Russia. The closest relative is Akkalasamisch.

• 4.1 case
• 4.2 pronouns
• 4.3 declination
• 4.4 verb

Dissemination

The Skoltsamische is spoken by the Skolt, a Sami minority Orthodox faith. Most speakers live in the villages and Sevettijärvi Nellim in the municipality of Inari in Finnish Lapland. Originally they lived in the area of Pechenga ( Petsamo ). As Finland had to give to the Soviet Union after the Second World War Pechenga, the Skolt were resettled in Inari. In the municipality of Inari has Skoltsamisch since 1992 in addition to Finnish, North Sami and Inari Sami official status as a minority language and is admitted in the Government. More recently, even rock music originated in skoltsamischer language. Although the Skoltsamische is supported by the government and taught in schools, it is considered highly endangered because it is hardly passed on to the younger generation.

In addition, there are about 20 speakers who live in Verhnetulomskij, Tuloma, Murmashi or scattered to other places on the Kola Peninsula in Russia. Also in the Norwegian municipality Sør -Varanger, va in the village cutting, traditionally live Skolt. The skoltsamische dialect of fuel cutting is not spoken, but live in Sør -Varanger today at least 3 immigrated from Finland active Skoltsamischsprecher.

Spelling

The Skoltsamische is written after the official spelling standard in an extended version of the Latin alphabet, that has the following characters:

In addition, foreign words the letter Q / q, W / W, X / x, y / y and Ö / ö are used.

Phonology

The skoltsamische phonology is extremely complicated due to its wealth of phonemes and the presence of significant distinctive suprasegmental features.

Phonemes

The Skoltsamische has ten vowel phonemes: A [ ɑ ], Â [ ɜ ], E [ e], e [ ɛ ], I [ i], O [ o] Õ [ ɘ ], U [ u], Å [ ɔ ] and A [a]. The letter E may therefore represent two different phonemes. The distinction between long and short vowels is phonematically and displayed in the font by doubling the vowel letter ( eg " vessel " le'tt, lee'tt " vessels "). There are also twelve diphthongs: EA [ eɜ ] EAE [ ea], iâ [ iɜ ], he [ ie], ie [ iɛ ], IO [ iɘ ] ue [ ue ] ue [ uɛ ], UO [ uɘ ] et al [ uɔ ] and UAE [ua ]. Even with them, the length be significant distinctive, although Diphthonglänge in Scripture is not reproduced.

The number of consonant phonemes is 27 consonants can occur both at home than in final long ( doubled in Scripture ). In Scripture, the affricates with C [ ts ], ʒ [ dz ] Č [ tʃ ], Ǯ [ dʒ ], Š [ ʃ ] and Ž [ ʒ ] reflected, the palatal plosives with ǩ [c ] and Ǧ [ ɟ ]. The horizontal line represents a fricative pronunciation, so Đ [ ð ] and Ǥ [ ɣ ]. The ng sound [ ŋ ] is written with Ŋ.

Suprasegmental features

As suprasegmentales feature comes in Skoltsamischen before the palatalisierende suprasegmental that affects the pronunciation of the whole syllable. In Scripture there is a free-standing acute accent ( ' ) between a stressed vowel and the following consonant reproduced (eg kå'll "Gold" ). The suprasegmental feature is meaningless distinctive, see väärr ( "journey" ), vää'rr ( " mountain, hill ").

The suprasegmental palatalization has three phonetic effects: the stressed vowel is pronounced in suprasegmental palatalized syllables little further forward. The following consonant or the following consonant cluster is slightly palatalized. In addition to suprasegmental palatalization palatalization occurs as a segmental feature of individual consonants. Palatalized consonants can occur in suprasegmental palatalized syllables. In monosyllabic words ending in a consonant, not a phonemic unstressed vowel is spoken at the end of the word. This vowel sounds in suprasegmental palatalized syllables for a e, otherwise according to an a (eg mie'll [ miellɘ̯ ] "Sand Bank").

Emphasis

The Skoltsamische knows a primary, secondary, tertiary and zero stress. The first syllable of each word skoltsamischen always wears the main sound (primary emphasis ). If a word has two or more syllables the last syllable receives a slight ( tertiary ) stress in words with three syllables, the middle syllable is also emphasized more than the last but weaker than the first (secondary stress ). Conjunctions, postpositions, particles and monosyllabic pronouns are unstressed.

For forms in abessive and comitative singular, this system is, however, changed in polysyllabic words. In this case, the penultimate syllable does not contribute, as would be expected, a secondary, but just like the ending a tertiary stress.

Grammar

Case

The Skoltsamische knows nine case: nominative, genitive, accusative, locative, illative, comitative, abessive, essive, and partitive. Genitive and accusative are identical in shape in the singular.

The nominative is endingless as in all Uralic languages ​​, and usually refers to the subject or predicate noun. The nominative plural is in most inflectional also endingless and always the same shape as the genitive singular.

The genitive plural has the ending -i. The genitive denotes a property ( Tu'st lij mu ǩe'rjj " You have my book" ). In addition, the Counted stands ( Poort " two houses " kuõ'htt ) with number words 2-6 in the genitive. All prepositions and most postpositions govern the genitive ( Sij mõ'nne ääkkäd ARRA " They went to your grandmother "). The genitive is increasingly being used instead of the Partitivs.

The accusative is the case of the direct object. In the singular it is endingless, in the plural, he has as well as the illative plural ending- d, in which the plural mark -i - is.

The locative has the singular ending- st and in the plural - s. He expresses a spatial location ( Kuä'đest lij ǩe'rjj "In the Kohte is a book " ), a spatial origin ( Niõđ puõ'tte domoi Če'vetjääu'rest " The girls came home from Sevettijärvi " ) or a possession ( Su'st lij čâustõk " He / she has a lasso " ) from. In addition, some verbs govern the locative.

The Illativ has three different endings ,-a, -e and-u in the singular. In the plural, he has as well as the accusative plural ending- d, in which the plural mark -i - is. The Illativ expresses a movement direction or the indirect object.

The comitative has the suffix -in, and in the plural - vui'm in the singular. It expresses, with whom or what something is made ( Njää'lm sekstet leei'nin " The mouth is wiped with a cloth "; Vuõ'lğğem paa'rnivui'm ceerkvest "I went with the children of the Church ").

The abessive has both the singular and in the plural ending- tää. Always wears the tertiary stress. He expresses a lack (without whom or what) from ( Sij mõ'nne niõđitää põ'rtte " They went without the girls into the house ").

The essive expresses a state of (as was). It does not occur in the plural, the dual forms are still used in pronouns.

The partitive occurs only in the singular and can be replaced by the genitive. Its ending is -d. In figure 6 the words counted is in partitive ( kääu'c čâustõkkâd " eight lassos "). It also comes with certain postpositions ( kuä'tted vuâstta " against a Kohte " ) and the comparative ( kå'lled pue'rab " better than gold " ) before.

Pronouns

The personal pronouns come in three numbers: singular ( singular), dual (two numbers ) and plural (plural ). There is no distinction between male and female pronouns ( but "he" or "she" ).

Declination

Declension of the personal son ( " he, she " ) in all three numbers:

Verb

The skoltsamische verb is conjugated in three Persons and an impersonal form (" fourth person " ) and two numbers (singular, plural). It has two simple ( past and non- past) and two composite ( perfect, pluperfect ) tenses, five modes ( indicative, imperative, conditional, potential and optative ) and six nominal forms ( infinitive, gerund, active participle, abessive, present - participle and address the past participle ). Like the other Sami languages ​​, Finnish and Estonian uses the Skoltsamische a Verneinungsverb. Unlike the other Sami languages ​​, which have a dual, does not distinguish between dual and plural in the Skoltsamischen Verneinungsverb.