Sonchus palustris
Marsh sowthistle ( Sonchus palustris)
The marsh sowthistle ( Sonchus palustris) is a species of the genus of geese thistles ( Sonchus ) in the sunflower family ( Asteraceae). It is widespread in temperate Eurasia.
- 5.1 Literature
- 5.2 Notes and references
Description
Appearance and leaf
The marsh sowthistle grows as a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant, reaching heights of growth of only 0.3 to rare, usually 1 to 1.5, rarely up to 3.5 meters or more, of up to 4.25 meters Height there are reports. The relatively short and 4 to 5 inches thick rhizome is not crawling and forms thread roots. The hollow stem is square in the lower and middle area; its base has a diameter of 1.5 to 3 inches and is grooved, often hard to sometimes woody, more or less, the branch is often done only at the top and he is mostly covered with long glandular hairs, rarely more or less bare.
The alternate on the stem arranged leaves are always sessile, bluish- green and have the arrow-shaped base pointed, protruding ears. The size of the leaves takes upwards significantly. The lowest leaves are bare and at a length of 15 to 35 centimeters and a width of 5 to 20 centimeters in outline upside - lanceolate to lanceolate with arrow-shaped, stem comprehensive Spreitenbasis and pointed upper end, simple to pinnatifid with a large, triangular to triangular- lanceolate end portion; the leaf margins are often spiny, serrated, if lateral (one to three pairs) blade sections are present, then they are lanceolate with pointed top. The middle leaves have a leaf blade that rarely up to over 8 inches is oblong to lanceolate or linear with a length of usually 15 to 20 cm and a width of usually 2 to 3, with ears that are more or less straight, lanceolate to linear are with pointed upper end; they are usually simple, sometimes lobed, often with spiny, toothed to more or less smooth leaf margins. The upper leaves are relatively small, as well as undivided lanceolate and linear - lanceolate, the uppermost reduced to linear.
Inflorescence and flower
The flowering period extends into Austria from July to September. In squat, Doldenrispen total inflorescences many basket- shaped part inflorescences stand together. The relatively thin cup stems are usually densely covered with bristly up stalked, mostly black glandular hairs. The 9 to about 13 millimeters high cup shell ( involucre ) is narrow to wide bell- shaped with two or three rows of bracts. The dirty dark green, linear - lanceolate bracts have a pointed up pointed upper end and are resistant to most outside sparsely covered with bristly up stalked, black glandular hairs. The inner bracts are 1 to 2 millimeters wide. The flower heads have a diameter of about 3 inches.
The flower heads contain only ray florets, there are usually 70 to 90 In the yellow and about 1.2 inches long ray florets, the tongues are about the same length as the Kronröhren. The stylus is biramose.
Fruit and pappus
The straw-colored to yellowish or brownish achene is at a length of 3.5 to 4, rarely up to 5 mm and a diameter of about 1 mm oblong to narrowly ellipsoid, slightly flattened, more or less square in cross section ( prismatic) and has on each side of four to five relatively thick longitudinal ribs. On and between the longitudinal ribs, the surface of the achene transversely rugose to tuberculate and on each of the four areas between the longitudinal ribs is a strongly raised prime rib and some side ribs. The fruits ripen in Xinjiang from June to September.
With a length of 7 to 9 mm of Pappus is about twice as long as the achene. The pappus consists of white or sometimes yellowish- white, thin, soft, very brittle bristles and falls after a while more or less from as a whole.
Set of chromosomes
The basic chromosome number is x = 9, it is diploidy of, as is the chromosome number 2n = 18
Ecology
The marsh sowthistle is a Hemikryptophyt.
There is insect pollination and self-pollination. There is wind propagation, Velcro propagation and ants spread.
The marsh sowthistle is following insects as food: the two leaf-mining flies ( Agromyzidae ) Liriomyza Sonchi and Phytomyza horticola, the gall midge ( Cecidomyiidae ) Cystiphora Sonchi, the two tube aphids ( Aphididae ) Hyperomyzus lactucae and Hyperomyzus pallidus and the shadow monk ( Cucullia umbratica ).
Occurrence and risk
The marsh sowthistle Euro Siberian temperate rates Florenelement. The main distribution according to Oberdorfer is subcontinental, so their focus is on eastern deciduous forest areas and lack the coasts as well as in the Asian deciduous forest areas.
Natural occurrence of marsh sow-thistle is available in Germany, Austria, Italy, Poland, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom (mainly in England), in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, in the Baltic States, in the European part of Russia, in Ukraine (Crimea, Moldova), in Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Altai, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, North Caucasus ( Chechnya, Karacheyevo - Cherkessiya, Krasnodar, Stavropol ), Tajikistan, Transcaucasus ( Abkhaziya, Adzhariya, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia), Turkey, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Western Siberia and Xinjiang.
In Spain, Greece, Corsica, Sardinia and Canada Sonchus palustris is a neophyte. In Canada, there are only discovered in 1992 in Ontario two populations in Cambridge in 1972 and Ottawa.
The marsh sow-thistle thrives in riparian forests, wet nutrient-rich herb vegetation, peat meadows, reed beds and marshes. It is also salt- ertragend. It thrives in Austria in the hill and altitude level. It is rare in Austria and is found in the Pannonian region of Burgenland, Vienna and Lower Austria. In Austria, the marsh sowthistle is Endangered.
In Germany the marsh sowthistle settled ditches, banks and marshy meadows. At its sites she often makes individual- poor stocks. In Germany it occurs in the lowlands east of the Elbe scattered on and in the deeper layers of the highlands, especially in the catchment area of the river Main you find them sporadically. In Germany it is conducted in the Red List of endangered species in 1996 in the early warning, since stocks are declining. However, in Bavaria it is considered endangered.
In the autonomous region of Xinjiang, ie in the far west of the People's Republic of China, Sonchus palustris comes to waters off at altitudes between 400 and 900 meters.
The main deposits are located in nutrient-rich herbaceous and perennial weeds corridors, secondary deposits are found in wet meadows. The marsh sowthistle needs moist - wet, nitrogen-rich, sandy or stony, loose loam or clay soils.
The indicator values according to Ellenberg are: L7 = half-light plant, T6 = Moderate heat to heat pointer, K6 = subcontinental, F8W = moisture to wet hands, change humidity indicator, R7 = weak acid to weak base pointer, N7 = of nitrogen- rich sites frequently, S1 = weak hydrochloric ertragend.
Taxonomy
The first publication of Sonchus palustris was in 1753 by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, 2, p 793 are synonyms for Sonchus palustris L.: . Sonchus inundatus Popov, Sonchus sespedalis Gilib, Sonchus palustris subsp. palustris, Sonchus paludosus Güldenst. ex Ledeb. , Sonchidium palustre (L.) Pomel, Sonchus Sagittatus Moench. The specific epithet palustris means swamp and refers to the location.
The authors conducted some as a subspecies Sonchus palustris subsp. sosnowskyi ( Schchian ) Boulos is today mostly as a separate species Sonchus sosnowskyi Schchian.
Swell
- The datasheet at Cichorieae portal.
- Marsh sowthistle. In: FloraWeb.de.