Symplocos

Symplocos lucida, Illustration

Symplocos is the only plant genus of the mono- generic family of Symplocaceae within the order of heather -like ( Ericales ), with about 250 to 300 species.

• 4.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Symplocos species are mostly evergreen ( Symplocos paniculata is deciduous ) trees and shrubs. The alternate and spirally or arranged in two rows on the branches, often sweet-tasting leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The simple leaf blades have a smooth, serrated or glandular toothed margin. Stipules absent.

Generative features

The flowers are rarely singly or usually in simple or branched, racemose, aged men, paniculate or globular inflorescences together. The flowers are usually on a support and two bracts; often lack these bracts or more are present.

The radial symmetry, mostly small flowers are usually bisexual, rarely unisexual double perianth ( perianth ). The (three to ) usually five sepals are fused only at the base. The (three to ) five mostly white or yellow petals are fused into a short corolla tube. There are rarely four or five, usually ten, fifteen or more (up to 100 ) stamens present. The adherent to the base of the corolla tube filaments are mutually free or fused to several among themselves. The anthers are nearly spherical. Two to five carpels are fused to a syncarp, usually under permanent or sometimes semi- permanent under two to fünfkammerigen ovary. Each ovary chamber contains two to four ovules. In the ovary is usually an annular cylindrical or fünflappiger discus with five glands present. The thin style ends in a small, capitate or two, to five-lobed stigma.

There are usually one-seeded drupes formed, but there are also species with two to fünfsamigen berries. The seeds have a lot of endosperm, a straight or curved embryo and very short cotyledons ( cotyledons ).

Dissemination

They are widespread in the tropics and subtropics, but absent in Africa. In the Tertiary ( Eocene ), the genus Symplocos in Europe was very common, as evidenced by many fossil finds. 42 species occur in China, 18 of which only there.

System

Synonyms for Symplocos Jacq. are: Cordyloblaste Hensch. ex Moritzi, Hopea Garden ex L., Palura ( G.Don ) Miers.

The genus Symplocos contains about 250 to 320 species ( selection):

• Symplocos adenophylla Wallich ex G.Don
• Symplocos adenopus Hance
• Symplocos anomala fire
• Symplocos atlantica Aranha: Home is the coastal rain forest in Brazil.
• Symplocos atriolivacea Merrill & Chun ex H.L.Li
• Symplocos austrosinensis Handel-Mazzetti
• Symplocos chaoanensis ( Lour. ) S.Moore
• Symplocos chinensis Druce
• Symplocos cochinchinensis ( Lour. ) S.Moore ( syn. Myrtus laurinus Retz, Symplocos laurina Wall ex G.Don. . ); it was found in Asia, Australia and the Pacific
• Symplocos congesta Bentham
• Symplocos crassilimba Merrill
• Symplocos dolichotricha Merrill
• Symplocos dryophila C.B.Clarke ex J.D.Hooker
• Symplocos euryoides Handel-Mazzetti
• Symplocos fordii Hance
• Symplocos fukienensis Ling
• Symplocos glandulifera fire ex Engl
• Symplocos glauca ( Thunb. ) Koidzumi
• Symplocos glomerata King ex C.B.Clarke; it occurs only in Asia
• Symplocos groffii Merrill
• Symplocos hainanensis Merrill & Chun ex H.L.Li
• Symplocos heishanensis Hayata
• Symplocos hookeri C.B.Clarke ex J.D.Hooker
• Symplocos lancifolia sieve. & Zucc. ; it occurs in India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, the Philippines, Japan, Taiwan and China
• Symplocos lucida ( Thunb. ) Siebold & Zucc. ( Syn: Laurus lucida Thunb, Symplocos theifolia D.Don. ); it occurs only in Asia
• Symplocos menglianensis YYQian: It occurs only in Yunnan.
• Symplocos modesta fire ex Engl: It comes at altitudes of about 1000 meters to Taiwan before.
• Symplocos nokoensis ( Hayata ) Kanehira: It comes at altitudes 3000-3200 meters in front of Taiwan.
• Symplocos ovatilobata Nooteboom: It occurs only in Hainan.
• Symplocos paniculata Miq. ( Syn: Cotoneaster coreana H.Lév, Palura paniculata var pilosa Nakai, Prunus paniculata Thunb, Symplocos chinensis ( Lour. ) Druce, Symplocos coreana ( H.Lév ) Ohwi. .. ); it occurs in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, Korea, Japan, Taiwan and China, and is naturalized in North America
• Symplocos paucinervia Nooteboom: It occurs only in Guangxi.
• Symplocos pendula Wight
• Symplocos pergracilis ( Nakai ) T.Yamaz.
• Symplocos pilosa Rehder ex Sargent
• Symplocos poilanei Guillaumin
• Symplocos Siebold & Zucc prunifolia. ; it occurs only in Japan and South Korea ( Cheju )
• Symplocos pseudobarberina Goncharov
• Symplocos pyrifolia Wallich ex G.Don
• Symplocos racemosa Roxb. ; it occurs in Asia and the Pacific ( Palau )
• Symplocos ramosissima Wall. ex G. Don; it is found in India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Vietnam and China
• Symplocos serrulata Humb. & Bonpl. ; it occurs in Mexico ( Chiapas ), Costa Rica, Panama and Colombia
• Symplocos spectabilis fire ex Engl
• Symplocos stellaris fire
• Symplocos sulcata short
• Symplocos sumuntia Buchanan - Hamilton ex D.Don; it was found in Asia
• Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L' Hér. ; it occurs only in the U.S.
• Symplocos ulotricha Ling
• Symplocos vacciniifolia H.S.Chen & H.G.Ye
• Symplocos viridissima fire ex Engl
• Symplocos wikstroemiifolia Hayata
• Symplocos xylopyrena C.Y.Wu ex Y.F.Wu
• Symplocos yangchunensis H.G.Ye & F.W.Xing

Swell

• The Symplocaceae in APWebsite = Website of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group family. ( Section systematics and description)
• The Symplocaceae on the website of DELTA family.
• Young- fen Wu & Hans P. Nooteboom: Symplocaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 15, 1996, p 235: Online. ( Description section )
• Frank Almeda & Peter W. Fritsch: Symplocaceae in the Flora of North America, Volume 8, 2009, p 329: Online. ( Section systematics and description with an outsourced genus Cordyloblaste Henschel ex Moritzi. )
• PW Fritsch, LM Kelly, Y. Wang, F. Almeda & R. Kriebel: Revised classification of infrafamilial Symplocaceae based on phylogenetic data from DNA sequences and morphology, In: . Taxon, 57, 2008, pp. 823-852.