Tatar language
Spoken in
- Altaic languages ( disputed) Turkic languages Kipchak languages Tatar
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Deed
The Tatar language ( Tatar: татар теле / tatar tele, татарча / Tatarca ) is a western Turkish language. It is unclear, however, whether still Languages another Kipchak group are involved. The short form is Tatar. Tatar is now the official language of the Republic of Tatarstan.
Today, the name " Tatar " means primarily the language of the Volga - Kazan Tatars or even in Russia and on the Crimean peninsula in the Crimean Tatar. A wide variety of publications and media appear in Tatar. So there is also television and Internet pages are in this language.
A prominent researcher of the Tatar language and its dialects was the Soviet scientists Gabdulchaj Achatow ( 1927-1986 ).
Main distribution area
The main distribution area of the Tatar is especially Russia. There, the Tatar language in the autonomous republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan and Chuvashia is spoken. Numerous Tatar language groups are also widely scattered in Siberia, in China and in many other countries to find.
Alternative names
The language name " Tatar " formerly served in the Russian Empire as a collective name for all Turkic languages spoken in the kingdom. So mistakenly also languages were included that were linguistically part of another language group. A differentiation of the Turkic languages spoken in Russia was only held in the Soviet Union.
Variously called the Tartars their language as " Tatar Turkish " ( Татар Төрекчәсе / Tatar Törekçäse ) to clarify that their language belongs to the Turkic language family. In the Turkish language and in Turkish Turkish Studies, only the term " Tatar Turkish " is mainly ( Turkish Tartar Türkçesi ) is used.
Origin of the name
Is named after a Tatar Mongol tribe, the Tatar, who came with troops of Genghis Khan in the 13th century from Mongolia in the Volga - Kama region and settled there. The Mongols went on in their Turkic-speaking environment in the following years. Finally her name was applied to all Turkic-speaking inhabitants of the Golden Horde and its successor kingdoms.
Classification options
Tatar is classified with under different. So lists the " Fischer Lexicon languages " (1987) Tatar within the Turkic languages as follows:
- Turkic languages western branch Bulgarian group
- Oghusische group
- Kipchak group Kipchak - oghusische group
- Kyptschak - Bulgarian group ( Kyptschaktatarisch ) Tatar
In contrast, the lists " Metzler Lexikon Sprache " (1993) Tatar as described below to:
- Turkic languages Southwest Turkish ( Oghusisch )
- Osttürkisch ( Karlukisch )
- West Turkish ( Kiptschakisch ) Uralic ( Kipchak - Bulgarian) Tatar
The current classification is listed in the article Turkic languages .
Alphabets
In the period between the 13th century and the 15th century, the Old Tatar was ( by Wendt as " Kyptschaktatarisch " designated language form ) written with the Arabic alphabet. In the 15th century it was one of East Turkish idiom, the Chagatai, which was also written in Arabic script, replaced.
In the mid-19th century a modern Tatar literary language was developed with which the Tartars, in addition to the Chagatai wrote. The spelling of such " new - Tatar " texts took place in the 19th century on törki, an Arabic font with no fixed spelling rules and limited volume extent.
1927 alphabet of the Latin alphabet was developed in 1926 on the Turkologenkongress in Baku Yes ꞑ alif ( " new Turkish alphabet " ) was introduced.
Beginning in 1939, the now common case came with Cyrillic letters in use, which was introduced simultaneously with the compulsory teaching of Russian.
With the reform policies of Mikhail Gorbachev was the 1988/89 required on the part of nationalist Tatars in the short term, the reintroduction of the Arabic script. But very quickly you departed from this idea, as the Tatarstan government decided to open up about Turkey to the west, and to create a Latin alphabet on the basis of the modern Turkish alphabet. Tatarstan wanted in the years 1989-1991 the complete independence from Russia and, therefore, signed 1991, not a neuverfassten Union treaty that promised the Tatars largely autonomous self-determination. The Tatar leadership led in 2001, then a modified Turkish alphabet a, which was met with strong resistance, however, with the Russian minority. Nevertheless, this was only Latin alphabet used officially in September 2001 for the posting of the Tatar. A year later (2002) has been slightly revised this Latin alphabet again.
However, this practice banned the Russian Constitutional Court in November 2004, on the grounds that a single font is necessary for the unity of Russia. Since then, the Latin and Cyrillic alphabet in Tatarstan are used alongside each other informally. In official publications Tatar is published exclusively in Cyrillic.
Juxtaposition of the Tatar and the Turkish Latin alphabet
Dialects
In the 13th century, Tatar, in addition to the coma niches " official language " of the western Golden Horde. There is strong dialect in itself divided. So there are widely scattered throughout Russia dialects. The most important and famous among them are:
- 4 of the dialect of Turinsk
- 5 of the dialect of Ishin
- 6 of the dialect of Jalutorovsk
According to another view, the Tatar language only three dialects:
The Kazan dialect forms the basis of the Tatar literary language.