Trappists

The Trappists are a Roman Catholic monastic order, originated in the 17th century as a reform branch within the Cistercian order. Since 1903, the name exists Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (lat. Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae, in short: OCSO or Ordo Cisterciensium Reformatorum, religious symbol: OCR) today therefore officially Cistercian Order of the Strict Observance. The female branch called Trappist.

The costume of the Order of the Trappists is comparable to that of the Cistercians: white habit, black shoulder cap ( scapular ) and as choir dress the white Mönchskukulle; Trappist wear a leather belt instead of the black fabric napkin ( the cingulate cortex ) some Cistercians. The Trappists for their seclusion, their monastic asceticism and their preference for physical work are known.

In public, many Trappist monasteries have become known for their monastery products, such as jam, incense, vestments production, liqueurs, Trappist, or the Trappist; these products are due to respective monasteries that contribute to the sale of these products to the upkeep of the monastery.

Abbot General of the Trappists since 2008 Eamon Fitzgerald.

History

Armand Jean Le Bouthillier de Rance can not be regarded as the founder of the Trappists, but he led reform efforts continue and spread them. He was already abbot in 1637 Cistercian monastery of La Trappe. It was a awarded by the court to the young nobles benefice which was not associated with residence obligation. However, according to his personal conversion in 1657 he began after a proper novitiate perceive his monastic duties. Fundamental to his reforms, and the more understandable in view of his personal biography, was de Rancés awareness of the need for repentance. The focus of the reform were self-denial, humility and asceticism. De Rance leaned out of humility from any scientific studies in the monastery. The asceticism of the Trappists expressed in strict silence rules, hard manual labor, especially in agriculture, and strict abstinence rules.

The reforms de Rancés were taken from four monasteries of men and a women's monastery. After the death of de Rancés the monks of La Trappe led continued his work of reform. 1790 La Trappe was abolished in the wake of the French Revolution. Augustin de Lestrange, since 1785 Novice Master of La Trappe, fled with 21 monks in Switzerland. On 1 June 1791, the monks who fled from France settled in the abandoned Carthusian monastery Valsainte. 1794 published de Lestrange the Règlements de Valsainte, the habits of the monks of Valsainte. In the same year a congregation of monasteries, which had taken over the reforms was formed. Thus, the Ordo et congregatio Beatae Mariae de La Trappe was born.

1798, when French troops invaded Switzerland, the monks also Valsainte had to leave. They wandered through Germany, Austria, Bohemia, and Poland to Russia. From there they were expelled in 1800. The monks were divided into different groups and came to Westphalia, Flanders, England and America. In this way, the Reform Congregation spread worldwide. 1814, after the fall of Napoleon, and La Trappe was repopulated. In France, the Reformed also founded several monasteries and newly populated old Cistercian abbeys again. 1830 included ten men and four women's monasteries to the Congregation, which at that time still did not form a separate Order, but was subordinate to the Abbot General of the Cistercians.

1847 were the Protestants of Pope Pius IX. divided into two congregations: one followed the rules de Rancés and the other the rules de Lestrange. It was not until 1892, under Pope Leo XIII. , They created a religious congregations of both the Order of Reformed Cistercians. 1902 received the Order of the designation Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance, which developed the still valid name Cistercian Order of the Strict Observance. During the 19th century, the Order also established offices in Australia, Africa, Palestine, in the Empire of China and Japan. In the wake of the Second Vatican Council penance and asceticism were limited in the Order.

According to the state in 2009, the Order is one of 102 monasteries with 2132 monks and 72 monasteries with 1799 nuns worldwide. In German-speaking countries, there are now two men 's and women's monasteries of the Trappists. The only monastery in Germany is Mariawald Abbey (Eifel ) founded in 1864. Besides there are in Germany two Trappistinnenklöster that Trappistinnenabtei Maria peace in Dahlem ( Euskirchen ) and the Trappistinnenkloster Gethsemani in Dannenfels. Austria's only Trappist is Engelszell.

Spirituality

The Trappists live a contemplative life with strict enclosure. Usually they take outside the Order not true of pastoral work.

Characteristic of the Trappists was a strict asceticism, especially in the form of silence and penance. After the Second Vatican Council, this ascetic rules, however, were often alleviated. Traditionally determine prayer, reading and manual labor the daily rhythm of the monks. Seven times a day, the monks gather for Liturgy of the Hours in the monastery church or oratory.

An important place in the life of the Trappists take a Marian devotion. To begin or end in most homes, the individual times of prayer with the Marian antiphon from the former Marian Offizium.

Generaläbte stricter observance of the Cistercian

  • Sébastien Wyart ( Mont-des-Cats/Sept-Fons ), 1892-1904
  • Augustin Marre ( Igny ), 1904-1922
  • Jean -Baptiste de Olli Traut Kéryvallan ( Melleray ), 1922-1929
  • Herman Joseph Smets ( Westmalle ), 1929-1943
  • Dominique Nogues ( Timadeuc ), 1946-1951
  • Gabriel Sortais ( Bellefontaine ), 1951-1963
  • Ignace Gillet ( Dombes / Aiguebelle ), 1964-1974
  • Ambrose Southey (Mount St Bernard ), 1974-1990
  • Bernardo Olivera ( Azul ), 1990-2008
  • Eamon Fitzgerald (Mount Melleray ), since 2008

Source: orden -online.de

Procurators General of the Cistercian stricter observance

  • Augustin Collins ( Mount St. Bernard, UK), 1892
  • Basile Sheil ( Mount St. Bernard ), 1893
  • Tiburce Benoist ( Sept- Fons ), 1893-1894
  • Benoit Chambon ( Aiguebelle ), 1894-1908
  • Bonaventura fallers (La Trappe ), 1908-1913
  • Norbert Sauvage ( Chimay ), 1913-1923
  • Robert Lescand ( Citeaux ), 1923-1932
  • Fabien Dutter ( Citeaux ), 1932-1933
  • Bernard Barbaroux ( Maguzzano - Aiguebelle ), 1933-1947
  • Thomas d'Aquin Gondal ( Tamié - Sept- Fons ), 1948-1959
  • Déodat De Wilde ( Westmalle ), 1959-1967
  • Vincent Hermans ( Achel ), 1967-1977
  • Bernard Johnson (Holy Spirit / Vina), 1977-1990
  • Armand Veilleux ( Mistassini / Holy Spirit ), 1990-1998
  • Augustine Roberts ( Spencer / Azul ), 1998-2002
  • Timothy Kelly ( Gethsemane ), since 2002

Known Trappists

Monasteries

In German-speaking countries:

  • Mariawald Abbey in Heimbach ( Eifel) ( Germany )
  • Monastery Engelszell in Engelhartszell an der Donau ( Austria )
Religious habit Cincture Parament Trappist beer La Trappe Abbey Euskirchen (district) Contemplation Oratory (worship) Hymns to Mary Ferdinand de Géramb David Knowles (scholar) Henri Nouwen
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