Typha
Broad-leaved cattail ( Typha latifolia ), fruiting
The cattails ( Typha ), regionally referred to as Lampenputzer, Schlotfeger, Pompesel, Schmackadutsche, Bumskeule or cattail, are one of the two genera of the family of the cattail plants ( Typhaceae ) within the order of Süßgrasartigen ( Poales ).
They are aquatic and marsh plants, which can develop in wetlands dense stands. A special feature of the cattail is the striking two-piece inflorescence from a purely weiblichblütigen and an overlying pure männlichblütigen piston.
- 4.1 Types
- 7.1 Notes and references
Description
Appearance and leaves
Cattail species are deciduous, perennial herbaceous plants. There are water and marsh plants ( hydrophytes, helophytes ) with vigorous underground creeping rhizomes. You are able to develop dense stands ( Polykormone ).
At the always hairless stems, the leaves are alternate and arranged strictly in two rows ( distich ). The sessile, simple leaves grow stiffly and can reach a length of up to 4 meters reach, are linear grassy and consist of a spongy - compressible floating tissue. The parallel venation leaf blades are curved outward and inward flat, so that in cross-section results in a semicircle - in contrast to the bur reed with a triangular blade cross-section. The leaf sheaths are always open. At the vaginal orifices in the transition to Spreite no ligule ( ligules ) are developed.
Inflorescences, flowers and fruits
Cattail species are monoecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( monoecious ). The total inflorescence ( inflorescence ) of the cattail is made of a thicker, pure weiblichblütigen and located one above, separated by a species-specific long rung portion, thinner purely männlichblütigen partial inflorescence. These are formed as a cylinder-shaped or spherical piston in which the single flowers are densely crowded. The inflorescence is never penetrated by bracts ( bracts ) - as opposed to the types of hedgehogs piston plants. The unisexual, threefold individual flowers are spelzenlos. The female flower consists of a perianth ( a) ( perianth ), which is reduced to a thick fringe of hair and a stalked ovary ( c ) with spatulate scar (d). Which is seated on a shaft between two and five stamens ( b) of each male flowers are few Hüllborsten ( a) surrounded. The heyday of the cattail extends from May to August.
The distribution unit ( diaspore ) is formed from the achene, a single-seeded nut fruit and Perigonhaaren.
Ecology
The Typha species are pollinated by the wind ( Anemogamie ).
The spread of diasporas is carried by the wind ( Anemochorie ) and water ( Hydrochorie ). The fine Perigonhaare serve as flying or swimming organs. In most species, the seeds leave the pericarp with prolonged contact with the water, fall off and germinate under water ( anaerobic). In some species, they remain in the pericarp and germinate in the air under aerobic conditions.
The vegetative propagation via rhizomes. The Typha species can develop dense species-poor stocks, so-called reedbeds at suitable locations. The Typha species are adapted to moist to wet, partly brackish and temporarily flooded habitats. They colonize riverbanks, swamps and marshes.
Dissemination
Typha species are most of the temperate regions to the tropics spread ( cosmopolitan ) and often. The Typha species are widely different. A widespread example, has the broad-leaved cattail ( Typha latifolia ). He comes in the temperate zones of the northern hemisphere to South America and parts of Africa. Other Typha species inhabit only a limited area. T. capensis is strictly limited to an area of Uganda to South Africa or Typha davidiana only to China.
System
The genus name Typha is derived from the Greek word for Typhos smoke from. It is thus referred to the brown smoke color of the fruit similar flask.
The exact placement of the genus within the order Poales has long been controversial. Thus the genus incorporated by some authors bur reed into the family of cattail plants due to their morphological similarity, by other authors retention was independent, mono generic families ( Typhaceae and Sparganiaceae ) preferred. After strictly phylogenetically oriented APG III but the hedgehog pistons are part of the cattail plants.
Species
The genus Typha depending on the author includes 16 to 27 species:
- Typha albida Riedl
- Typha alekseevii Mavrodiev
- Narrow-leaved cattail ( Typha angustifolia L.), is found in Europe, Asia, North America and Australia
- Typha azerbaijanensis Hamdi & Assadi
- Typha capensis ( Rohrb. ) N.E.Br.
- Typha caspica Pobed.
- Typha changbaiensis M.Jiang Wu & Y.T.Zhao
- Typha davidiana ( Kronf. ) Hand. - Mazz.
- Typha domingensis Pers., Is common to almost all continents around the world, but is in Europe only in the south
- Typha elephantina Roxb.
- Typha grossheimii Pobed.
- Typha joannis Mavrodiev
- Typha kalatensis Assadi & Hamdi
- Broad-leaved cattail ( Typha latifolia L.), is found in Europe, Asia and North America
- Laxmanns cattail ( Typha laxmannii Lepech. ), Occurs in Europe and Asia
- French cattail ( Typha lugdunensis P.Chabert ), is found in France, Germany and Switzerland
- Dwarf cattail ( Typha minima Funck ex Hoppe), occurs in Europe and Asia
- Typha orientalis C.Presl
- Typha persica Ghahr. & Sanei
- Typha przewalskii Skvortsov
- Shuttleworth cattail ( Typha shuttleworthii WDJKoch & Sond. ), Is found in Europe and in Turkey
- Typha sistanica De Marco & Dinelli
- Typha subulata Crespo & Pérez -Mor.
- Typha tichomirovii Mavrodiev
- Typha turcomanica Pobed.
- Typha tzvelevii Mavrodiev
- Typha valentinii Mavrodiev
Use
Cattails are used for cleaning of waste water in sewage treatment plants and for detoxification of soils and sludges. These natural processes are summarized under the technical term " phytoremediation ", in which the complex skills of plants and socialized with them in the rhizosphere microorganisms are used. Cattail qualified because of their high primary production for cultivation. You gain in importance as a renewable resource, for example, for insulation, as a peat substitute or construction and fuel.
Cattail species are used as decorative planting of ponds in parks and gardens. The dried flower heads are used in floristry.
All plant parts are edible. Especially the starch-rich rhizomes can be cooked as vegetables.
Heraldic representation
The coat of arms of the town Hordorf in Lower Saxony has the representation of three cattails and a swivel plow out the reclamation of the marshy terrain ( OHG hora swamp ).
Coat of arms of the municipality Winnigstedt, Lower Saxony; unsatisfactory botanical illustration of leaves
Coat of arms of Bad Salzuflen hamlet Retzen, North Rhine -Westphalia
Swell
- Kun Sun & David A. Simpson: Typhaceae: Typha, pp. 160-162 - text the same as printed work online, In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 20 August, 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3. (Section Description, distribution and systematics)
- The genus Typha in the Flora of North America. ( Description section )
- The Typhaceae family with the single genus Typha at DELTA. ( Description section )
- Walter Erhardt et al: The big walleye. Encyclopedia of plant names. Volume 2 Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7