Ukrainian grammar

This article describes the grammar of the Ukrainian language. It counts with languages ​​like Polish to the Slavic languages ​​, in the narrower frame together with the Russian to the East Slavic languages. Terms of their structure and complexity of their vocabulary and their sound system, the regionally differentiated Ukrainian occupies an intermediate position between the Polish and the Russian language.

Grammatical features:

• For the plural, there is no gender distinction in adjectives or pronouns as in Russian.
• As in the Slavic languages ​​in general, there are almost all verbs in each pair one aspect ( imperfective and perfective ).
• As in Russian and Polish There are no articles ( ' the ', ' a ').
• Imperfective verbs have three tenses ( present, past, future), in the present tense perfective lacks meaning.
• There are 3 modes ( indicative, imperative, conditional ) and 2 genera Verbi (active and passive).
• Are - in contrast to South Slavic languages ​​- the old aorist tenses, imperfect and pluperfect periphrastisches lost.
• Is the old dual retrieve only in some solidified word forms.

Some phonetic and the font in question features:

• There is a sound ' h' (actually voiced: [ ɧ ] ) г written.
• Original 'i' and 'y' are to 'y' (written и ) collapsed; the infinitive is - ти ( - ty ).
• The ending of the verbs is obtained as in Russian in the third person -t, however palatilisiert (written - ть ). Only in the singular of the e- conjugation it is absent, as in Polish.
• As in Polish there are long ( geminate ) consonants. Equally, there is a sound [ w], the partially equal to the Russian ' в ' (v), partially as in Polish from original hard 'L' emerged: the Ukrainian писав ( pysaw ) "[ he ] wrote" ≈ Polish Pisal ( písaw ), Russian писал ( Pisal ).
• The apostrophe (') is as hard sign ( the Russian ' ъ ' accordingly) used.
• The letter Ї / ї (pronounced [ ji ] ) else comes before only in the Rusyn alphabet.
• A Russian / Polish 'o' often corresponds to a Ukrainian i or wi -: відкритий ( widkrýtyj ) "open", Russian открытый ( Otkrytyj ). Also there is a change in the nominal inflection o in open syllables <> i in closed syllables: вночі ( wnotshi ) " in the night" <> ніч ( nitsh ) " the night ", Russian ночь ( notsh ʲ ).

• 2.1 Diffraction of nouns 2.1.1 first declension
• 2.1.2 second declension
• 2.1.3 third declension
• 2.1.4 4th declension

• 2.4.1 Personal and possessive pronouns
• 2.4.2 demonstrative
• 2.4.3 interrogative

• 2.5.1 nominative
• 2.5.2 genitive
• 2.5.3 dative
• 2.5.4 accusative
• 2.5.5 instrumental
• 2.5.6 locative
• 2.5.7 vocative

• 3.1 Infinite forms 3.1.1 infinitive
• 3.1.2 present participle active
• 3.1.3 Active past participle II (L- participle )
• 3.1.4 Active past participle II
• 3.1.5 Passive past participle (PPP )
• 3.1.6 verbal noun

• 3.2.1 indicative 3.2.1.1 present indicative
• 3.2.1.2 Preterite Indicative
• 3.2.1.3 Futur

Writing and phonology

The Ukrainian language is largely composed of the same sounds as in Russian; added the [h ] as, for example, be found in the Czech Republic. Up to palatilisierte consonants there are no sounds that would not be found in similar form in German.

The alphabet

• The Ukrainian is written with Cyrillic letters. Missing Compared with the Russian alphabet, some letters ( ъ ы э ё ), others have been added ( і ї ґ є ' ), and some differ in their pronunciation from ( в г е и ).

• The following table gives the unbound pronunciation of Ukrainian letters again. Cursive writing is also given, as are different here are some letters differ significantly from the normal type.
• With transcriptions in the Latin alphabet, there are several variants, of which the fourth column some are listed. In this grammar, the most recent version will be used.

• As hard sign is the apostrophe ( ') is used.
• The affricates [ dz ] and [ dʒ ] are represented by two letters: дз (dz ) or дж ( dzh ).
• The combination of sounds ' jo ' appears orthographically as йо or after palatilisiertem consonant as ьо: сьогодні ( sjohódni ) "today".

The individual sounds

Consonants

• All consonants except й ( j ) are in the Ukrainian once in hard and once in soft ( palatalized ) variant. The latter appears before і, й / я / є / ї / ю (i, j), or will it ь ( j) explicitly required by the softness of character.
• By the apostrophe as the hard sign Palatilisierung is prevented: п'ять ( p'jatj ) [ PJAC ] "five", від'їзд ( wid'jizd ) " exit", п'єса ( p'jesa ) [ pjεsɑ ] " spectacle ".

• At the word beginning with some forms of the verb лити ( lyty ) "( ver) pour ": ллю, ллє ( llju, llje ) ... [l: u, l: ε ]; as the verb ссати ( ssaty ) [s: ɑtı ] "suck " and its derivatives.

Classification and features

The following table shows the consonants of the Ukrainian language ( with в (w) in the debate as a semi- vowel). Non - bold sounds are palatilisierte variants.

• Labial: b, p; w, f; m ( б, п, в, ф, м ). These sounds are with orthographic exceptions usually hard, they can only follow a jotifizierter vowel ( vowel j ) ​​when a dental consonant precedes *: свято ( Swjato ) "Fixed (day) " and they are not doubled.
• Post- alveolar: zh, tsh, sh ( ж, ч, ш ), and actually shtsh ( щ ). In contrast to the pre-Slavic these sounds have become hard in Ukrainian, which leads to the mixed declension of nouns. All except щ ( shtsh ) can be doubled. Only if one of these sounds is doubled, they can follow a vowel jotifizierter: збіжжя ( zbízhzhja ) " grain ". None of these sounds is facing a soft sign ( ь ).
• Dental: d, t; S, z; ts; l, n ( д, т, с, з, ц, л, н ). As in the pre-Slavic can all happen this sounds hard or soft. Only if a dental occurs as the last sound in a prefix, you can follow a hard sign ('). Dental can be doubled.
• Alveolar: r ( р ). The alveolar may be hard or soft. At the end of a word or syllable it is always hard, why can not follow him soft sign ( ь ). Doubled, it occurs only in foreign words.
• Velars: h / g, k, kh ( г / ґ, к, ж ). As in the pre-Slavic velars are always hard. These sounds can never be duplicated you can follow no hard sign ('). If any of these sounds before a jotifizierten or soft vowel to stand, it is changed by the laws of the 1st and 2nd palatalization.

Pronunciation

Vowels and diphthongs

• In Ukrainian six vowels are distinguished according to their quality: а, е, і, о, у, и (a, e, i, o, u, y).
• There is no difference in length of vowels.

Classification

• As a ' hard ' vowels are called: a, o, u and arisen from urslawischem * y y.
• Are regarded as ' soft ': e, i and from urslawischem * i y arisen.
• As ' jotiert ' vowels are called, are preceded in the debate a ' j'. For them, special fonts are used: - Jo is йo or written ьо to palatalisierendem consonants. - For yes, je, ji, ju there are the letters я (yes ) є, (each), ї ( ji), ю (ju ). - For dialectal jy to write йи or uses the letter ї (?).

• и (y) [ ɪ ] can be classified as a reclusive medium-high front or lowered retracted high front vowel.
• O medium vowel.
• A is advanced.

Pronunciation

• The vowels a, e, o, и (a, e, o, y) open ( lax) as in 'Vase, nest, often, am '. Unstressed ' и (y) ' sounds similar to the German schwa as in ' come '. There is no gradation of unstressed 'o' to [ a] as in Russian.
• Unstressed 'o ' is more like the 'u' approximated as a closed [o ] as in 'Opal ' appear.

• A ' й ( j) ', which stands after a vowel, with the latter forms together in a diphthong pronunciation: дай ( daj ) [ DAI ] "give " ( in German you were writing this word 'dei ').
• The semi-vowel [w / u] (pronounced as in the English ' Winston ') exists as dialects pronunciation в (w). This discussion can vowel / w / together form a diphthong, such as ав (aw) [ AU ] ( in German orthography would be ' au ' write ). A separate syllable nucleus -forming properties 'u' in Russian or Polish words appear in the Ukrainian often as w: навчати ( nawtshaty ) "teach", Polish ' nauczyć '.
• U - diphthongs of foreign words to describe in terms of y ( u): Фауст ( fist ) "( Goethe ) Faust".

Emphasis

• The main emphasis may date back to the fourth last syllable. It is characterized in the following by an accent ( ') on the stressed vowel.
• For each word you have to learn the accent; they often varies between different inflections of a word. Between singular and plural: místo - Mista " city - city ".
• Between I - form and all other persons in the present tense: howorjú - howórysh " speak - speak ".
• Some pronouns depending on whether they stand alone or after prepositions: MENE - u Mene " me - for me " (as well Tebe - Tebe; Joho - njóho; Jiji - Neji ) Komu, - na Komu " whom ( dative / locative ) - to whom ".

According to laws

Explanations: - The sign > or -> means in terms of sound change 'becomes', - While < the etymology of a sound from the pre-Slavic, in the second step of the Primitive Indo-European language called. - A C is representative of a consonant, V a vowel. - The Asterisk (*) indicates that the subsequent word or the subsequent sound is reconstructed, but not delivered. He is lacking in examples in such words that existed in identical form in the Old Bulgarian.

Vowel insertion

• At points where several consonants in word-final an additional o is pushed in between ( always w / h / k / kh ) or e ( front l / m / r / ts) according to certain rules. This insertion occurs between the consonants at the point marked with _ place in the following environments, where C represents any consonant: C ... ( ь ) _l ( ь )
• C ... ( ь ) _m ( ь )
• C ... ( ь ) _r ( ь )
• C ... ( ь ) _ts ( ь )
• C ... ( ь ) _k ( ь ); However, the combination sk remains
• C ... ( ь ) _w ( ь ); The combination stw but will remain, as well as the combination w consonant, if the w is the result of original 'L': вовк ( WOWK ) [ wɔu̯k ] "Wolf", Russian волк ( folk ).

Palatalisierungen

Some consonants are replaced by others when they are faced with certain vowels or j. For example дошка ( doshka ) " school board " before the ending -i in the dative or locative to дошці ( doshtsi ) because by referring Join this ending the second palatalization of Stammendkonsonanten is forced to the stem.

1 palatalization

• It occurs before the vowels e, y < i, a / i < ì < ē: г / ґ (h / g) -> ж ( zh )
• K -> ч ( tsh )
• X (kh ) -> ш (sh)

Second palatalization

It occurs before the vowels y < i < diphthong, a / i < ì < diphthong:

• г / ґ (h / g) -> з ( z)
• K -> ц (ts )
• X (kh ) -> c (s )

Jotifizierung

It refers to the constellation ' consonant j':

• After labials (p, b, w, m) is an 'L ' is inserted. This is the reason for some irregular verbs. For example merges sp (a ) - " sleep " with the ending of the third person plural to сплять ( spljatj ) [ splac ] "[ it ] to sleep ."
• Velars (h, g, k, kh ) are shifted by 1 Palatilisierung, while the ' j' fails ( evidence already in the pre-Slavic ): hj / gj -> ж ( zh )
• Kj, ktj, tj -> ч ( tsh )
• Khj -> ш (sh)

• Dj -> ж ( zh ), with verbs but дж ( dzh )
• Sj -> ш (sh)
• Stj -> skj -> щ ( shtsh )
• Zdj / zhj -> ждж ( zhdzh )
• Zkj -> жч ( zhtsh )
• Lj, nj, rj -> ль нь, рь ( l ʲ, n ʲ, r ʲ )

Assimilation

• Depending on their environment on the set there is a also orthographically expressed exchange between і <> й or у <> в, where appear the semi-vowels (y / w) after a preceding vowel: він іде <> вона йде (win ide <> wona - jde ) " he goes <> she goes ".
• утомився вже <> уже втомився ( utomywsja - wzhe <> uzhe - wtomywsja ) " already tired ."
• і / й (i / j) "and"; у / в (u / w) "in".

Dissimilation

• Before the infinitive - ти ( - ty ) 'd' or 't' to be st: klad - - ty -> класти ( klásty ) " insert ", plet - ty -> плести ( plestý ) " weave ".

Historical sound change

Between the pre-Slavic and today's Ukrainian following characteristic sound changes have occurred:

Vowels

• * i, y > и (y): Ryti > рити ( ryty ) " dig ".
• * o, e before consonant ь or ъ > i (formally: { o, e} -> i | _C { ь, ъ }).
• * ì ( ѣ ): beginning of a word: * ì > ji: * Esti > їсти ( jísty ), "food"
• After postalveolar ( sh, zh, tsh, dzh ): * ì > a: * ležěti > лежати ( ležáty ) " lie "
• Otherwise: * ì > i

• After single labial ( b, p, w, f, m ): * ę > ' я ( ' yes ): * pętь > п'ять ( p'jat ) "five",
• After Postalveolar ( sh, zh, tsh, dzh ): * ę > a: * kyrčę > курча ( kurtshá ) " chicken "
• Otherwise: * ę > yes: Tele > теля ( Telja ) " calf".

• * ъl, ьl ( voiced l or l ʲ ) > ов ( ow): vlъkъ > вовк ( WOWK ) "Wolf "
• At the end of a word: * lъ > в (w).

Consonants

• * l before a consonant or at the end of the word > в (w) ( formal: l - > w | _ #).
• * dl, tl > l: * Mydlo > мило ( mylo ) " soap ".

Syllables

• As in Russian, there are Pleophonie, ie between the consonant sound combinations or / ol / he / el be extended by an additional vowel: * or> opo ( oro ): * Borda > борода ( BORODA ) "Bart "
• * ol, el > oлo ( olo ): * Bolto > болото ( Boloto ) "swamp ", * Melko > молоко ( Moloko ) 'milk',
• * he > epe ( ere ): * berza > береза ​​( Bereza ) " birch ".

• C1ьj -> C1C1j ( consonants doubling after a consonant with the exception of p ( r) and labial ) but: C1C2ьj -> C1C2j ( no consonant doubling after several consonants ),
• * ьje > yes (possibly mirtKonsonantenverdopplung ): * žitьje > життя ( zhyttjá ) "Life "
• * ьjь > ej: * myšьjь > myshej,
• * rьj > p'й ( r'j )
• * Labial ьj > Labial ' й ( ' j).

Nominal inflection

Nouns, adjectives and pronouns are declined as in German by case, number and gender; while there are separate flexion schemes for nouns, adjectives and pronouns.

• Case: In the seven Ukrainian Case Nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, instrumental and vocative can be distinguished. The locative only occurs after prepositions, which is why he named ' Präpositiv ' bears in Russian. After the Flexionsübersichten each case will be discussed in more detail.
• Number: singular and plural. The old dual exists only in residues either in the nominative / accusative as recategorised nominative plural or in some pairwise things like certain body parts.
• Gender: There are partially both the natural and grammatical gender distinction: the natural gender is the inherent property of a designated object, whether it is classified as animate (human, animal ) or inanimate; grammatical gender is different as in German by masculine, feminine and neuter.

Diffraction of nouns

The diffraction diagrams for nouns can be divided mainly by gender. We distinguish four classes:

First declension

This includes most nouns that end in -a / - yes, that is the most feminine nouns. Only in this class there is a special ending for the accusative singular.

Second declension

Third declension

This class includes only feminines. Many case have the same ending, they are in the table below in one line together.

4th declension

This class includes only Neutra with the pre-Slavic suffix ' - ę '. These nouns lose in some case their final consonant ( n or t).

Diffraction of adjectives

• The dictionary form is the nominative singular masculine.
• The genus is distinguished only in the singular.
• There are three types of adjectives: Hard ethnic adjectives (this includes those on postalveolare sibilants )
• Soft ethnic adjectives in -ij
• Soft ethnic adjectives in - jij; these are just like the adjectives are declined on -ij, however, is in the attached suffixes ' -i ' through -ji, ' - ʲ -' replaced by- j-.

Increase and comparisons

• There are two ways to put adjectives in the comparative:

• The superlative is formed by adding the prefix naj - to any comparative form: молодший -> наймолóдший ( molódshyj -> najmolódshyj ) " younger - > recently " кращий -> найкращий ( kráshtshyj -> najkráshtshyj ) " better -> best ". With the religion associated words and instead take pre - "very" as Superlativpräfix.

• The positive is using як ( jak ) " like" compared: київ великий як берлін ( Kyiv welýkyj jak Berlin) " Kiev is the size of Berlin ".
• In comparative with ніж ( Nizh ) or wid ( від ): київ більший ніж гамбурґ ( Kyiv BIL ʲ shyj Nizh Hamburg) " Kiev is larger than Hamburg ".

Diffraction of pronouns

Pronouns have in many shapes similar endings like adjectives.

Personal and possessive pronouns

• The personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person singular have some special features. There is no gender distinction.
• Up to a few forms they are each equal declined in the singular and plural. The following table is designed so that in case multiple same forms are listed only once.

• The personal pronoun of the third person are similar to adjectives are declined. In the nominative they have the tree won, in other case the root j.
• After a preposition is prefixed n- a; Therefore, the double forms in the genitive and accusative. In the locative and instrumental this has become n- already an integral part of the personal pronoun.

• The genitive is used after prepositions or as a direct object. For property specification using the possessive pronoun.
• The possessive pronoun ' my ' and ' your ' are identical declined:

• The same applies to ' our ' and ' your ':

• For the possession of the subject ( ' my own, your own, his own ... ') using a special possessive pronouns: свій, своє, своя, свої ( SWiJ, swoje, SWOJĄ, swojí ).
• For the possession of someone else are used in the 3rd person plural їхній ( jíkhnij ) " her from them," which is normally flexed like a soft adjective.

Demonstrative pronoun

• The pronoun той ( toj ) "that" has the following declination. Other uses: той же ( ( самий )) ( toj zhe Samyj ) " is the same, the same ," той, хто ( toj khto ) "the one who " саме той (SAME toj ) " exact ".

• Another demonstrative is цей ( tsej ) " this ".

Interrogative

• When interrogative хто, що ( khto, shtsho ) " who, what " is between animate and inanimate distinction. There is no plural.

• The genitive is used after prepositions.
• In the question of an owner to use the deklinierbare чий ( tshyj ) "whose ": чий будинок це? ( tshyj tse budýnok ) " Who owns this house? , whose house is this?".

Case and prepositions

The following are the main functions of the 7 case are presented, as well as the corresponding each to a case prepositions and their general education.

Nominative

• The nominative is specified in the form of dictionaries in the first place. Some Ukrainian words listed here are the same in the plural, because they do not occur in the singular: двері ( dweri ) "door", ножиці ( nózhytsi ) "scissors ", штани ( shtani ) " trousers".
• The nominative is: in appointments: його звати / звуть ... ( Joho zwaty / zwut ʲ ) " is his name ... "
• As apposition: у ресторані " Карпати » (u restorani Karpaty) " in the restaurant ' Karpaty ' " n
• As an active subject (who? )
• As a predicate: Лондон - столиця Англії ( London - stolytsja Angljiji ) "London is the capital of England " Пьотр - журналіст (P ʲ otr - Zhurnalist ) " Peter is a journalist ."

• The nominative plural is in the 1st and 3rd declension endings, the same as the genitive singular. Masculine nouns of the second declension also have the endings -и/і/ї ( -y/i/ji ).
• Neutra have in the nominative plural -a / я ( -a/ja ).
• Adjectives in the nominative plural -i / ї - (i / ji).

Genitive

• The genitive is often used as in German ( of whose what how? ) By specifying ownership and affiliation: голова комісії ( golowa komisiji ) " the head of the commission ."
• He is also at times: якого числа? - Першого січня ( jakoho tshysla - pershoho sitshnja ) " on what date? - On 1 January ".
• The genitive represents the indefinite accusative of the direct object in negative sentences: стола я ще не замовив ( yes, stole shtshe ne zamowyw ) ( [ a ] table I have not yet ordered ) " I still have not ordered a table."
• It stands as a participle " ( something ) (of ) ": Дайте, будь ласка, хліба й масла ( Dajte, bud ʲ laska, khliba masla j ) "give [ me ] ( something ) ( of ) bread and (some) (from the ) butter ".
• Instead of the nominative or accusative of inanimate used by the numerals 5-20, 25-30, 35-40, etc. the genitive plural: п'ять діб ( p'jat ʲ dib ) ' five ( 24 -hour ) days. "
• He is, among others, according to the prepositions без (bez ) "none", біля ( Bilja ) " beside, along ," близько ( blyz ʲ ko) "close", від - до ( wid - do) " from - to ( to ) " для ( dlya ) " for " крім ( crimea ) " except ( that) ," після ( pislja ) " after (in time) " and з ( z) in the meaning " to / from " з Києва (z Kyjewa ) " from Kiev " для чого? ( dlya tshóho? ) " what? ".

• Nouns of the first declension: They end up in the genitive singular depending on Stammauslaut -и/і/ї ( -y/i/ji ).
• In the plural they have no ending and it remains a - ь / й ( - ʲ / j) back. It stressed in monosyllables -e/o- will -i: доба -> діб ( doba -> dib ) ' 24 -hour day. " Ends the trunk on several consonants, an additional vowel is eingeschoben1: журналістка -> журналісток ( zhurnalistka -> zhurnalistok ) " journalist -> the female journalists ," читальня -> читалень " Reading Room -> the reading rooms ."

• Neutra have singular the ending- y / ю ( -u/ju ). In the plural, there is no extension, soft -stemmed neuters leave a - ь - back ( ʲ ). In monosyllabic words fitting -e/o-, as in the first declination -i: село -> сіл ( selo -> sil ) "village". Again, there is in stems ending on several consonants, an addition to be inserted Vokal1: вікно -> вікон ( Wikno -> Wikon ) " window -> the window ," ядро - ядер ( JADRO - jader ) " core -> the cores ".
• Masculine in the singular have the ending- a / я ( -a/ja ) In the plural is usually ів - ( - iw )
• However, many have masculine in the singular as the Neutra the ending- y / ю ( -u/ju ); these include nouns for abstract concepts, weights and measures, collective terms, organizations and institutions, mental states, and other natural phenomena: університету, дощу, ідеалу ( uniwersytetu, doshtshu, idealu ) " of the University, of rain, of the ideal ."
• For some of them in the genitive singular both types of endings can occur, where differentiated the basic concept: рака <> ракy ( raka <> raku ) "(. .. zool / astr / med) of the lobster <> of cancer ," соняшника <> соняшнику ( sonjashnyka <> sonjashnyku ) " sunflower - sunflower core ".

The 1 to supplementary vowel ( e or o ) is selected according to the rules of vowel insertion.

Dative

• The dative is available as a case of the indirect object ( whom): Треба сказати їм правду ( treba skazaty jim prawdu ) " you should tell them the truth."
• It is available in many impersonal expressions: мені холодно ( meni kholodno ) " I'm cold ",
• Це їй здається ( tse jij zdajet ʲ sya ) " thinks she, her, it seems ,"
• мені буде приємно ( meni bude prijemno ) " it is I like / welcome "
• мені сподобався цей фільм ( meni spodobaw | sya zsej fil ʲ m) " with liked the movie, I liked the movie "
• мені не працюється " I can not get to work " (? )
• мені потрібно " I need,"
• мені не можна " I can not, I do (es) not allowed ( to ) "
• For ages: cкільки їм років? ( skil ʲ ky jim rokiw? ) " how old are they? " - йому 20 років, а їй 18 ( Jomu dwádtsjat rokiw, a jij wisimnádtsjat ʲ ) " he is 20 years old, and they are 18 ".

• The dative singular has the following extensions: The nominative singular ending- a / я ( -a/ja ) is replaced by -i; while there is a sound change: -ка/га/ха ( -ka/ha/kha ) -> -ці/зі/сі ( -tsi/zi/si ). The ending- i is also at the Femina 3rd declension and the neutralization of the fourth declension ( - ені, ті ( - eni, - ti) ).
• Neutralization of the second declension have -y / ю ( -u/ju ).
• Masculine nouns usually have -ові/еві/єві depending on Stammauslaut ( -owi/ewi/jewi ) or alternatively as the Neutra the ending- y / ю ( -u/ju ). In multi-member persons name (eg first and last name ) takes the second element usually this shorter ending: панові Іванові Шевченку ( panowi Iwanowitsch Shewtshenku ) "[ the ] Lord Ivan Shevchenko ".

Accusative

• The accusative is as a direct object in UNVERNEINTEM predicate ( who? ): Він зробив помилку (win zrobyw pomylku ) " he made a mistake ."
• He stands at temporal extension: цілу годину ( tsilu hodynu ) " for an hour ".
• He stands at the prepositions крізь ( kriz ʲ ) " through something ," про (per ) " on ( theme) " через ( tsherez ) " through / over ", по (po) ", while along " and ( in the case of directional information ) at у / в (u / w) and на (na): Each про що ви розмовляєте? (per shtsho wy rozmowljájete? ) " what you are talking? " я про нього нічого не знаю (yes per njóho nitshóho ne znaju ) " I know nothing about him," про мене (per Mene ) " as you want, as you like ".
• Tsherez: tsherez rik " in one year ( from now on ) ," tsherez rítshku " over the river ", ity tsherez lis " go through a forest ," tsherez dorohu wid domu - mahazyn " of our house from across the street there is a business "; powidómyty Joho tsherez kóhos ʲ " notify it by someone ."

• For neutral nouns nominative and accusative usually have each the same shape.
• The accusative has only nouns of the first declension, as well as adjectives and pronouns to - ( j ) a singular a special form on - ( j) and
• Otherwise one used for its function in inanimate nouns the respective nominative, at busy (people, animals ) the respective genitive. This also applies to pronouns as a representative of nouns and adjectives as more detailed descriptions.
• These rules also apply to adjectives. Have Feminine adjectives in the singular nouns such as the accusative ending - у / ю ( -u/ju ).

Instrumental

• The instrumental is, among others, the tool is executed with which an action ( what? ) олівцем ( oliwtsem ) "with the / a pencil ," чином яким? - Таким чином ( jakym tshynom - takym tshynom ) " how? - So ( in this way ). "
• Likewise, the means of transport: літаком ( litakom ) " by plane ".
• In living organisms there together with the preposition з / зі (z / zi ) "( together) with " the accompaniment: він пішов до школи зі сестрою (win pishow do shkoly zi sestroju ) "he went on with [ his ] sister to school ".
• The instrumental is without a preposition in passage or movement Along.
• He stands as an argument with verbs of interest or participation: цікавитися музикою ( tsikawytysja muzykoju ) " interested in music ," займатися читанням ( zajmatysja tshytannjam ) " deal with reading".
• Noun are in details of being, becoming and the profession in the instrumental: Ким хочетe бути? - Перекладачкою ( kym buty khotshete - Perekladatshkuju? ) " What (actually: to whom) you want to be? - Translator "; він працює лікарем (win pratsoje likarem ) " he works as a doctor ."
• The instrumental is by the prepositions з / зі / із (z / zi / iz ) in the meaning " with ", за ( za ) " behind, behind ... here," перед "before", над "over", під "under" and між "between".

• The instrumental singular is formed as follows: Nouns of the first declension (on - ( j) a) have the endings depending on Stammauslaut -ою/ею/єю ( -oju/eju/jeju ).
• Masculine nouns of the second declension have analogous -ом/ем/єм ( -om/em/jem ). The same applies to the neutralization of the second declension; only the neuters in - yes have the ending- ям ( -jam ).
• Femina 3rd declension ending in- ю ( -ju ).
• In Neutra the 4th declension is the basic form one - м (-m ) is added.

Locative

• The locative is often accompanied by a preposition in local information used (where?): Книга - на столі ( knyha - na stoli ) " the book is on the table".
• He stands by the prepositions о / об (o / ob) ' at (time ) " and при ( pry ) " for " and (in the case of location information ) to у / в (u / w) and на (na): u / w is - For local information on limited areas or in buildings: у ресторані (u restorani ) " in the restaurant " w uniwersytéti " in the university," u mahazýni "in business", u TEATRI " in the theater "; - For cities: в Києві "in Kiev ," Misti u "in the city "; - Also: в армії (w ármjiji ) " in the army ", в Європі (w jewrópi ) " in Europe".
• Na stands - For local information on flat, unlimited spaces: na stadióni "in the stadium," na místsi / plóshtshi "on the pitch," na wúlytsi "on the street ", на сонці ( na sóntsi ) " in the sun "; - In Events: на концерті ( na kontserti ) "in the concert "; - For ' on ': на столі ( na Stoli ) " on the chair "; - For ' at ' with comparative: на метр коротший ( na metric korót_shyj ) " by one meter shorter "; - At the time: piw na shóstu "(it is ) Semi- six ', tshwert ʲ na shóstu " (It's ) quarter past five "; - With details of circumstances: на біду ( na Bidú ) "unfortunately", на швидку руку ( na shwydkú Ruku ) " in a hurry ", на його очах ( na Joho otshákh ) " in his presence "; - Also: на цей раз ( na raz tséj ) " for now "; на ( візьми )! ( na wiz ʲ my! ) " here! , take! , wait a minute! ".
• O ( b ) is at the time: о третій годині (o Tretij hodýni ) " by three clock ".
• Pry is - For circumstances: при денному світлі ( pry dénnomu swítli ) " in daylight ", малярії ( pry maljaríji ) при " in a malaria case," при існуючих умовах ( pry isnújutshykh umówakh ) "under the circumstances", при умові, що ( pry umówi, shtsho ) "under the condition that "; - For location- related information such as: при ньому ( pry njómu ) " with him," при мені ( pry Meni ) " in my presence ", у мене не було при собі грошей " I had no money with me ."

• Formation of the locative singular: Masculine on -k have the ending - ( j) u: будинок -> у будинку " building -> in the building "; Also: у снігу (u snihu ) " in the snow ", у саду (u sadu ) " in the garden ", у гаю (u raju ).
• Masculine personal nouns have - owi / - ( j) eternal: на батькові ( na asked ʲ kowi ) на ковалеві ( na kowalewi ) на водієві ( na wodijewi ).
• Before the ending- i otherwise used, there are some consonants a sound change: рука -> в руці ( ruka - > w rutsi ) нога -> на нозі ( noha -> na nozi ) поверх -> на поверсі ( powerkh -> powertsi ).

Vocative

• The vocative is the form of direct address ( such as " Mr. Smith! Peter, My Friend! '). He therefore finds especially with names of people use.

• Only masculine or feminine nouns in the singular have a special form for the vocative. Otherwise one used for the function of the vocative the respective form of the nominative.
• Most hard -stemmed masculines ending in- e: Максиме! Петре! ( Maksyme! Petre! ) " Maxim! Peter ". This can lead to a consonant change: друже! хлопче! ( druzhe! khloptse! ) " friend! Boy! ".
• A few masculine nouns (especially kinship terms ), of which the most for -ко/-к end, the ending- y ( -u) have: дядьку! (dad ʲ ku! ) "Uncle! " Влодку! ( Wlodku! ) сину! ( synu! ) "Son! " тату! ( tatu! ) " Papa ".
• Also, soft -stemmed ending in- e Femina: столице! ( stolitse! ) " capital ".
• Soft ethnic feminine first name, ( yes ) end on a consonant я, replace this output through - ю ( -ju ): Наталю! Катрусю! ( Natalju! Katrusju! ) " Natalia! Katrusja ".
• Adjectives and pronouns have no special endings for the vocative.

Verbal inflection

For all verbs, a distinction each infinite and finite forms. The former are distinguished by aspect and how inflected noun, the latter, however, are conjugated according to person and number, tense and mood.

Infinite forms

• In Ukrainian there is an infinitive, a verbal noun and 4 (of 5 present in the pre-Slavic ) participles, 2 of which can be used as a gerund.
• From a present participle passive rigid forms are available on - myj only in a few too independent words: відомий ( widómyj ) "well- known, famous ," знайомий ( znajómyj ) " familiar / known ( with ) ".

Infinitive

This form can be found listed in dictionaries.

• The infinitive ends in all verbs in - ty: мати ( Maty ) " have ". In reflexive verbs the Reflexivsuffix is adjusted: дивитися ( dywýtysja ) "look at".
• With some verbs the ending carries the word stress, eg: " go " іти ( ITY ), плести ( plestý ) " braid ", нести ( Nesty ) " bear ".
• The root of the present indicative is extended for some verbs to a syllable: To a vowel: писати - я пишу ( pysaty - yes pyshú ) " write - I write " ...
• To -wa-: малювати - я малюю ( maljuwáty - yes maljúju ) "paint - I paint ."

• The final consonant of falls: іти - я йду ( Ity - yes JDU ) ' go - I go "
• A d or t in front of the infinitive is to s (see the section dissimilation ): класти - я кладу ( klásty - kladú ) "settings - I put ".

Present participle active

• This shape is formed by the suffix- ть ( - ty ) of the third -person plural present indicative is replaced by - чий ( - tshyj ).
• In occasional adjectival use the resulting form is inflected like a hard -stem adjective.
• The derived therefrom gerund has the extension - чи ( - tshy ): знаючи ( znajutshy ) " knowing, knowing; English: knowing ".

Active past participle II (L- participle )

• This participle is used to form the finite past tense: він був " he was " (literally: ' he - the -been ').
• Rarely one finds it as formed from intransitive verbs adjective: почорнити -> почорнілий ( potshornýty -> potshornílyj ) " turned black ".
• It is formed by the infinitive - ty by - лий ( - lyj ) ( inflected like an adjective ) or - в ( -w) is replaced. There are irregular verbs: іти -> ішов, ішла ... ( Ity -> ISHOW ishlá, ) " go,"
• їсти -> їв, їла ... ( jísty -> JIW, Jiwa ) "eat".
• In reflexive verbs the participle the Reflexivsuffix is adjusted: дивитися -> дивився, дивилася ... ( dywýtysja -> dywywsja, dywylasja ) "look at".

Active past participle II

• Also, this participle is used mostly as a gerund.
• It is formed by on - в ( -w) the suffix- ший ( - shyj ) is appended to the L- participle. In Gerund then is the ending- ши ( - shy ): знати -> знавши ( znaty -> znawshy ) as: "knowledge - having > know ."

Past participle passive (PPP )

• Only this participle is commonly used as an adjective.
• It is formed by the infinitive strain is possibly extended a -a- or -e- depending on verb order; then you put on one of the suffixes - tyj or nyj. ( There seems to be no difference, which is used by both. ) жати -> жатий ( zháty -> zhatyj ) " mow -> mowed " лишити -> лишений ( lyshýty -> lyshenyj ) " leave ".
• Verbs of class 4 are jotifiziert here: пекти -> печений ( pektý -> petshenyj ) " bake -> baked ".

Verbal noun

• This shape is formed by the PPP is replaced by - nnja: питати -> питання ( pytáty -> pytánnja ) " ask - > Question " замовляти -> замовлення ( zamowljáty -> zamówlennja ) " order, can do -> order / command".
• A stressed -e- before this ending is here to i
• The resulting from this noun as a neutral noun of the 2nd declension of ' Ije ' flexed.

Finite forms

• Of the tenses and modes of Primitive Indo-European only the present tense has been preserved in the indicative and imperative. ( The old forms imperfect, aorist and pluperfect are gone as if lost in modern Russian and Polish. )
• The future tense of imperfective verbs and conditional forms are formed by an auxiliary verb or by an auxiliary verb which arose by a suffix.
• The past participle is formed by a finite auxiliary verb is missing.

Indicative

Present indicative

Applied to a verb is imperfektives testified about the presence, applied to a perfektives verb tells you something about a concluded in the future operation.

Preterite indicative

• The past is formed in two aspects alone using the L- participle.

Future tense

The future tense can be formed by suffixes on the one hand, on the other hand by the conjugated in the present indicative auxiliary verb infinitive buty. Below, both modes of formation on the example of the verb їсти ( jísty ) "eat" shown; what is each attached, is shown underlined in the transcription: