Viaduct

Viaduct ( who is also the viaduct, Switzerland, Austria: the viaduct ) comes from the Latin (via = path = ducere lead; ductum PPP ), meaning Guidelines or carrying away or very loosely translated route. As Viaduct is more or less high and long road bridges or bridges are designated for railways, steigungsarm a valley or a sink with pillars and often span arches.

History

Already in antiquity, mainly by the ancient Romans, there are numerous viaducts. But with the rise of the railways around 1830 sat back a reinforced construction and use of these structures. In addition to the significant, extending to a height aqueducts, there's the arched viaducts in the pränestinischen military road between Rome and Gabii with semicircular arches and pillars made ​​of tufa blocks, and the Appian highway at Aricia. The southern French Pont Serme reached a considerable length of 1500 meters.

Definition

There is no universally accepted definition of the term viaduct. Each viaduct is a bridge, and from civil engineering perspective together with bridges divided into the same categories ( arch bridges, beam bridges, etc.). The term viaduct has more to do with the impact on the environment and with its function to perform major transport routes as possible detour and steigungsarm. A viaduct crosses not only, it also connects. Therefore, it is mostly dependent on the local conditions as to when a bridge is called a viaduct. In general, multi-span bridges that lead majority over a body of water, as a bridge rather than as viaduct. A viaduct crosses so majority country, and could theoretically - be replaced by a causeway - at least partially.

A viaduct is usually determined by any major arc, but consists of several mostly uniform arches or openings. Even if it has a Hauptöffung, this accounts for only a small part of the total length of the viaduct. Very often one uses the term viaduct is a bridge structure, which consists of several bridges built directly against one another. For example, there is the Lorraine viaduct of four consecutive bridges.

According to the dictionary, the term viaduct is also a synonym for Viaduct and overpass.

Survey

Viaducts are built of stone, brick, concrete, iron or wood. In the narrower sense, under viaduct and the smaller overpasses and underpasses of roads or railways with one to three openings are arched or spans with iron, resting on stone piers, solid rolled or assembled from sheet metal and profiled iron girders. Stone viaducts have mostly semicircular arches, slender pillars, and with increasing levels two, three and four levels, which are formed by intermediate vault. Either the intermediate pillars are equally strong or weaker. Group piers are available if more intermediate piers alternating with stronger pillars.

The Millau viaduct was opened by President Jacques Chirac on 14 December 2004 and is one of the most impressive bridges in the world: Carried by seven pillars, she crossed with a length of 2460 meters and a maximum of 270 meters in height than highway bridge the Tarn valley five kilometers west Millau.

Stone viaducts

  • The Ravenna Bridge in the Hell Valley (Schwarzwald) is 58 m high and 225 m long. The arc length of the eight arcs is less than 20 m. The railway viaduct was built in 1927/28.
  • The Ruhr viaduct near Herdecke is about 30 m high.
  • The Ruhr viaduct near Witten is about 800 m long.
  • The Altenbekener viaduct was inaugurated in 1853.
  • The Burtscheider viaduct from 1838 to 1840 is one of the most ancient surviving railway bridges in Germany.
  • The Desenzanoviadukt at Verona is one-storey and has a height of 60 m.
  • The viaduct El Puente Nuevo in Ronda, Spain, is 120 m high.
  • The Lockwoodviadukt in England draw his pillars with a slenderness ratio of 1/30.
  • The viaduct over the Elster in Saxony has two floors and has a height of 69.75 m.
  • The 1940 destroyed viaduct over the Geulvallei at Aachen was downstairs.
  • The Viaduct of Chaumont has three floors and has a height of 50 m.
  • The viaduct over the Göltzschtal in Reichenbach in Vogtland in Saxony is partially vierstöckig, in their construction of 80.37 m was the highest railway bridge in the world and is still the largest brick bridge.
  • Some viaducts of the Semmering Railway also have additionally a curvature in plan.
  • The railway arches along the Wiener Gürtel was built as its own traffic level for public transport. Today, a lively restaurant scene has evolved over the arches.
  • The Himbächel Viaduct of Odenwaldbahn.
  • The Landwasserviadukt the Rhaetian Railway.
  • The viaduct of Boleslawiec ( Boleslawiec ) in Poland on Bober is 450 meters long and was built between 1844 to 1846.
  • The brick arch of Salcanobrücke on the Bohinj railway is with a span of 85 m, the largest ever built for a Viaduktbogen.
  • Over the two viaducts at Plein (Eifel ) today introduces a cycle path.
  • The hillside viaduct at Punderich on the Moselle
  • The viaduct in Apolda is 95 m long, 23 m high and was completed on December 2, 1846. The inauguration ceremony took place on 16 December 1846.
  • The Bietigheimer railway viaduct ( symbol of the city Bietigheim ), built in 1851-1853 by Karl Etzel, height about 30 m, span 287 m. He has 21 arches. The viaduct ensures the connection between Bietigheim- Bissingen and Bruchsal.
  • The second Lorzentobelbrücke train in the Canton ( Switzerland ) was built in 1910 as an arch viaduct. He has length of 187 and a maximum height of 58 meters.
  • The light rail line in Berlin is an over 8 km long stone viaduct, which was built in 1875-1882. The viaduct is the longest monument in Germany.
  • The Luxembourg Viaduct powder mill was opened in 1862.
  • The Castielertobel Viaduct of Arosa Bahn (1914 to 1942 )

Iron viaducts

Iron viaducts usually have stone pillars as the viaduct at Znojmo or iron pillars on stone plinths as the Crumlinviadukt at Newport in South Wales, the Sarine viaduct at Fribourg, the Sitter viaduct at St.Gallen, the viaducts of the Orleans railway at Baufseau d' AHUN and about the Cere, the viaduct over the gravine in Castellaneta, the Pfrimmtalviadukt at Marnheim in the Palatinate.

On the railway line between Erfurt - Ilmenau the single-track Viaduct was built in Angelroda with a cast iron viaduct, as well as in the railway Friedberg- Hanau the viaduct over the Nidda Valley.

More iron viaducts:

  • Firth of Tay Bridge in Scotland
  • "Kentucky High Bridge " of the Cincinnati Southern, Norfolk Southern today.
  • Portage Viaduct of the Erie Railroad, which was built on the site of a burned wooden viaduct in 86 days over the Genesee River.
  • Müngstener bridge between Remscheid and Solingen
  • Viaduct over the valley of Aqua de Varrugas at Lima in Peru with a pillar height of 76.8 m.
  • Timber viaducts Kübelbach, Ettenbach and Stockerbach viaduct Gäubahn Eutingen - Freudenstadt and the Sitter viaduct of the Swiss South-Eastern railway in the canton of St. Gallen with its distinctive iron, halbparabligen truss (fish belly carrier ) applies with 99 m as the highest railway bridge in Switzerland.
  • Millau Viaduct over the Tarn valley ( steely roadway deck)
  • The Castielertobel Viaduct in Schanfigg ( to 1942 Stone arch bridge )

Viaducts made ​​of wood

The viaducts of wood had little importance and were usually only a temporary solution, because they caught easily by the sparks of steam locomotives fire and burned down. Yet they have been built, as they were in the construction cost. As historical examples of the spent viaducts over the Genesee River at Portage can in the United States with 57.4 m high wooden piers and viaducts over the MSTA in Russia with 21,34 m high wooden pillars, both on brick pedestals, called.

Viaducts of reinforced and prestressed concrete

  • The backrest Viaduct basin Ried in Switzerland.
  • The Neckar valley viaduct at Reutlingen (Baden- Württemberg)
  • The viaduct of Schengen is the crossing of the A 8 on the Moselle between Schengen and Perl
  • The Moselle Viaduct Vandières leads crossing the French LGV Est européenne high-speed line Paris -Strasbourg on the Mosel
  • The Millau Viaduct (also Millau Viaduct ) over the French Gorges du Tarn is the highest bridge in the world.
  • The Langwieser viaduct and the Gründjitobel viaduct near Long Meadow were at their opening in 1914, the largest reinforced concrete railway bridges in the world
  • The Schildescher viaduct in Bielefeld.

Circular Viaduct

A special form of the viaduct is the circle or circular sweeping viaduct. It handles like a circle loop tunnel a difference in height, the height difference in the open ( on the viaduct ) and is not overcome in the mountain. The famous circular sweeping viaduct can be found in the Bernina Railway in Brusio.

Hang viaduct

A hillside viaduct creates primarily a ( possibly oblique ) plane on a mountain slope on which a transport route can be built. Any incisions on the slope edge rather be here "on the side " bridged. A well-known hillside viaduct in Germany is located at Punderich on the Mosel. About him the route of the Mosel route runs.

Similar Structures

  • Viaduct
  • Aqueduct
  • High street
  • Elevated railway

Others

Viaducts were popular motifs in the paintings of Lyonel Feininger.

Ariccia Mariazell Railway Tarn (river) Wiesen Viaduct Altenbeken Viaduct Landwasser Viaduct Bóbr Wall Bietigheim Enz Valley Viaduct Berlin Stadtbahn Nidda, Hesse Castiel, Switzerland Msta River
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