Wallpaper

The wallpaper (from Latin tapetum or mlat. Tapeta = cloth, carpet ) is a wall covering made ​​of paper, glass cloth or plastic, more rarely, gold leather, leather or canvas which is bonded by a suitable adhesive to the wall.

History

Has its origins in the Orient wallpaper. Before they used cheap wallpaper, the monarchs adorned their walls, especially with large tapestries. Until the 18th century it was called this therefore ' Turkish wallpapers ". Since these were very expensive, the French nobleman of the 15th century took their valuable tapestries with when traveling from castle to castle. In the Orient, then the cheaper leather hangings were raised, which were influenced and partly gilded. This Wandverkleidungsart was first introduced in the 11th century in Spain from the Moors. So finally, parchment wallpapers were becoming increasingly popular. In the library of the Abbey of Melk in Lower Austria, the walls were decorated with yellow and red parchment wallpaper 1425. In the 14th century tapestries came to Italy for the first time on fabric.

In 1469, wallpapering experiments were carried out in some villages along the Middle Rhine then for the first time. At Christ's College, Cambridge in England there is a black and white wallpaper from 1509, which consists of discarded documents whose back was printed. From the years 1580 to 1600 originate so-called Fladerpapiere that were found in the Franconian town of Bad Windsheim in a historic mansion. The East India Trading Companies brought in the 16th century hand-painted Chinese wallpaper to Europe. After their great success, began in England and France the production of domestic wallpaper, so that already in 1586 first wallpaper makers were known. The paper wallpaper manufacturer Jerome Lanyer received on 1 May 1634 by King Charles I of England commissioned to produce wallpapers with glued dust from dyed wool, the predecessor of the suede wallpaper.

Until the industry Kattundruckereien set new standards, printed it, the wallpaper is still done manually. The 1750 technically advanced fabric printing process was transferred to England and France on the paper. In Germany Johann Christian Arnold founded in Kassel in 1789, the first major wallpaper printing. In the samples, preparations were made according to the respective tastes.

A native of the Alsace Mulhouse wallpaper manufacturer Jean Zuber (1773-1852) attempted as early as 1790 in the wallpaper factory " Nicolas Dolfus & Cie", in which he was employed, with engraved copper rollers and glued together sheets of paper to print on wallpaper. Since the paper had not yet been made ​​as to produce material in meter- long runways, and the paper repeatedly beat folds when sticking together, a uniform printing was impossible, what tub in this regard attempts would be made ​​useless. He was more successful with the method of printing on the paper webs with wooden molds. In 1795 the wallpaper factory in the tub was working in " Hartmann, Risler & Cie" renamed. After the relocation of the factory to Rixheim In 1797 it eventually became known as the " Zuber & Cie". Zuber et Cie presented amongst others, on the most demanding of panoramic wallpapers that complement the factory was taken in 1834 by King Louis Philippe in the Legion of Honor. An ancient copy of this wallpaper was Jacqueline Kennedy attach the " Diplomatic Reception Room " of the White House, another copy was sold for $ 40.500 at auction and thus is regarded as the most expensive wallpaper in the world.

The French papermaker Nicolas- Louis Robert (1761-1828) " to make the machine the paper is of a very large extent " patented in 1799. These endless rolls of paper were eventually taken over in the wallpaper manufacture and indispensable from the 1830s to the living rooms and bedrooms of the bourgeois Biedermeier. So then Jean Zuber method could still be used from about 1827. The constructed in the mid-19th century printing press allowed the mass production of wallpaper and led to the demise of the hitherto existing interior design culture, with numerous artists (such as Sonia Delaunay - Terk, Georges Rouault, Raoul Dufy and many others) aufbesserten their livelihood. The wallpaper production was a branch of the decorated paper industry. The wallpapers then came in pieces ( rolls of mostly 8.16 m in length and 47 cm width) in the trade. It was used for making the endless paper machines of medium to low quality, but with as smooth or flat surface.

Dissemination

In many industrialized nations, the wallpaper is widely used in the apartments. It gives on the one hand a feeling of comfort and warmth, on the other hand a sense of the personality of the inhabitants, as a result of the available variety of motives one's apartment can make " his taste " after. While in Germany in the 70s outweighed colorful wallpaper, since the 80s, however, the trend was away from the wallpaper, to white walls.

Elsewhere, however, even in rich countries, wallpapers are much less widespread than in Central Europe. In the United States, for example, where the living room is usually considerably greater than in Germany, houses are built of wood and interior walls an even surface of plasterboard ( dry wall ) have, the walls are mostly white or painted in color. Commercial wallcoverings are always pre-pasted and can be used due to the comparatively high price only in small rooms or in rooms which - such as dining room - have a special ceremonial function. Also popular in Germany woodchip wallpaper is virtually unknown in the United States.

Production

Historical production

The first phase is priming, which is omitted only when the wallpaper places with very low quality. Priming is done by scanning the paper with a uniform layer of paint. Priming with a cover color is done by simply brushing, priming with a glaze color will initially require a glue application. Usually this is performed by the Fonciermaschine. The primed paper is dried, smoothed and - when it comes to gloss wallpaper - satin finish by filling in all the little indentations in the paper with talcum powder. Then the printing of wallpaper with various patterns and then the smoothing is done.

New production

Today there are two production methods, with which the vast majority of the total amount produced. The gravure printing and screen printing. Both a first printing medium is required, to which the pressure / the coating is applied. Having previously almost exclusively paper was used, the proportion of non-woven wallpaper has increased to well over 50% because of better processing ability and the later deductibility. Since fleece fabric are much more stable than traditional wallpaper, the substrates are often severely damaged during removal. Therefore, in the processing using a paste additive is recommended that the dry support peelability. The gravure wallpapers are (mostly on paper support), first printed with the pattern and then embossed with the help of steel rollers to obtain a three-dimensional structure which can not be achieved differently in the gravure printing process because of the small amount of ink. To make this structure more durable, will in most gravure wallpaper on paper carrier nor a second laminated paper web from behind embossed simultaneously. Is the pattern of the embossing exactly with the printed pattern match (eg, a flower), one speaks of a report or register embossed wallpaper. The silk screen printed wallpapers are today mainly on fleece. Printing inks serve Druckplastisole on PVC or water-based. These plastisols are still set to be different in their printing behavior. For example, there are plastisols, the increase in volume when exposed to heat ( foam ) or keep the same. This makes it possible to obtain three-dimensional effects by the use of different Plastisoltypen without mechanical deformation, which are also very stable. In addition to these effects, the plastisols are distinguished by different gloss and tactile differences ( eg soft " Alcantara " surfaces ), etc.

Training

• Germany: training as a painter / in and Decorators / in
• Switzerland: The training center SMGV in Wallisellenstrasse, in cooperation with the Association of Switzerland. Trading companies for wallpaper and wallcoverings VST through the training upholsterer. The training is modularized.
• Tapezierermeister / inside ( eg the theater to share the additional work and the service of the employees and are responsible for the preparation, storage and maintenance of furniture. This task requires close cooperation with the departments of decoration construction, the director and the stage set. requirements. Musical style and knowledge of the commodities of the various centuries, organizational skills. ) basic education with federal. Certificate of Proficiency ( EFZ ). Basic education as an interior decorator / designer decoration or in / in. Development: the case of technical condition ascent to / from the Tapezierermeister / in.
• Austria: Guild of upholsterers, decorators and saddlery Feldkirch

Styles and patterns

• Pattern wallpaper: Mainly made ​​of cellulose components with the current zeitgeist corresponding print. Usually, this wallpaper is 53 inches wide and 10.05 m long, the pattern repeats itself differently both in length and in width often. In the technical language is referred to these as " wallpapers " approach, there must be taken in the following path that connects the pattern seamlessly. However, there are wallpapers that are processed with smooth. Each track can be attached anywhere on the previous path, as no pattern is observed.
• Woodchip: The most widely used paintable wall covering consists of mainly paper and pulp and wood chips. Its inventor was the Wuppertal entrepreneur Hugo Erfurt. Meanwhile, also available as a non-woven ingrain - on request in white pre-painted version or wave or stripe pattern.
• Liquid wallpaper: Synonym for cotton cleaning, mistakenly referred to as liquid woodchip. Components are cotton and other textile and plant fibers, partly mixed with effect materials. Suitable binders are cellulose and natural resins.
• Embossed wallpaper: also Strukturtapete called. A plurality of paper sheets are joined together by embossing with an embossing roll. Pattern as pattern wallpaper, but also for direct recoating with wall colors and glazes.
• Glass cloth wallpaper: Extremely durable, paintable textured wallpaper fiberglass ( mostly used in hospitals, kindergartens, schools, or other highly polluted areas ).
• Non-woven wallpaper: wall covering with a support material of a particularly high quality, breathable textile pulp fiber combination that particularly durable, easy to apply and is flame retardant. The material shall, if necessary, to ensure that small cracks in the substrate or plaster joints are bridged. The surfaces can be selected very smooth to rough embossing patterns and ready- printed fleece fabric. The carrier material is dimensionally stable, so it is required in the processing of no soaking times.
• Plastic wallpaper ( usually made ​​of foamed vinyl paintable textured wallpaper )
• Photo wallpaper: On the basis of different materials. The design usually making a photo, sometimes a digitally created graphics, and the like is often the landscapes.
• Grass wallpaper: correct or China grass wallpaper is a wallpaper, in which on a paper support, a grass cloth is applied. Grass is dried for this purpose, knotted into long threads and then woven as the weft. Such wallpaper was in the late 1970s to the 1980s, very modern. were painted over in the 80s and 90s often and are from time to time to see more than those swept wallpaper. They are distinguished at the nodes of the grass fibers. Even today this Tapetenart is available for purchase in stores yet, but requires some patience and an experienced upholsterer.
• Wallpaper Leather: made ​​from one or more of sewn together or glued pieces of leather wallpaper roll.
• Textile wallpaper: With fabric or textile fibers pasted wallpaper strip in 53, 75 or 90 cm in width and 7.5 to 10.05 m in length. Most of the paper carrier web is still to be seen.
• Silk wallpaper: With silk fabric or silk threads glued wallpaper strip in 53, 75 or 90 cm in width and 7.5 to 10.05 m in length. It requires a lot of experience in wallpapering, since no glue may get on the surface. Need very good ground preparation.
• Metal effect wallpaper: glued with a thin metal foil wallpaper roll, which is brought to discolor then chemically or by oxidation. Great effects, but very expensive. In 53, 75 or 90 cm in width and 7.5 to 10.05 m in length. It requires a lot of experience in wallpapering, since no glue may get on the surface. Need very good ground preparation.
• Paint wallpaper: similar to the metallic effect wallpaper a wallpaper strip is glued to a thin aluminum foil and finished with these paints. Curve or pearl effect can be achieved by various methods.
• Under wallpaper, which is glued to improve the adhesive properties under the wallpaper, necessary, for example in textile or silk wallpaper. But also applied to improve the seam bonding in pattern and vinyl wallpaper.
• Isoliertapete: Consists of two paper layers and an up to 7 mm thick layer of polystyrene foam in between or only of polystyrene without further support material. ( Contributes to thermal insulation in and to the Preventing mold growth. ) In its strictest sense no wallpaper, but an internal insulation.

• Border or wallpaper border: narrow strip wallpaper, printed with repeating motifs, patterns or ornaments and is stuck mostly in a horizontal orientation around the entire room to break down the walls vertically or to set an accent.

To install the wallpaper permanently on the walls, one used for the cellulose-containing material typically wallpaper paste, for fiberglass and polystyrene foam is a special glue to use.

Museums

The German Wallpaper Museum is located in Kassel. In France there is in the Musée du Rixheim paper Peint ( Wallpaper Museum ).