Glottal stop

The voiceless glottal plosive ( a voiceless glottal plosive educated ) is in phonetics, a consonant is formed by the sudden, voiceless solution of a closure of the vocal folds. Other designations are glottal stop, glottal plosive, Glottisverschlusslaut, glottal stop, Einschaltknack, larynx plosive, glottal stop.

It has the following in different languages ​​phonetic and orthographic realizations:

• Arabic [ ʔ ]: ء ( hamza )
• Hebrew [ ʔ ]: א ( Aleph )
• The old Greek spelling features with the alcohol lenis voiceless initial position before vowels, which is written as a left curved apostrophe before and above the letters (eg Ἀριστοτέλης ). After controversial view, it could have acted as a Glottisverschlusslaut (see Spiritus lenis ).
• The Latin alphabet does not have a sign for the glottal stop, and nor is the based on the Latin alphabet German orthography, although the glottal stop occurs in many varieties of the standard language. In the Duden grammar but he is by a vertical bar | and otherwise reproduced in the dictionary by an apostrophe []. Similarly, the Danish Stoßton has no orthographic realization.
• The Hawaiian alphabet is also an ellipsis, which is called Okina.
• In a number of South American languages ​​in which the glottal stop is phonemic function of ( among other things Quiché Maya Than, ) is represented with an apostrophe, such as the Aymara, Quechua in the southern and the Mayan languages ​​.
• Also uses the Latin alphabet of the Somali an apostrophe for the glottal stop.
• In the classical Nahuatl is that designated as Saltillo According reproduced by h.
• In the alphabet, the Maltese, the letter q stands for the glottal stop.

• 2.1 Hamzatu l - qat ʿ and Hamzatu l - wasl
• 2.2 Tachfīf al - hamza
• 2.3 Phonological deviations
• 2.4 Arab and Western schools of thought

The glottal stop in German

Glottal stop in Vokalanlaut

In most varieties of the German language, a glottal stop in the following cases appear:

• Before vowel initial sound, for example, eight [ ʔaxt ], the old man [ de ː r ʔaltə ].
• Before beginning with a vowel word stems in compound words, note, for example, [ bəʔaxtən ], Fried [ ʃpi ː ˌ ɡəl ʔaɪ ]. However, there are some compound words that are so common that they are often no longer perceived as compositions and therefore also occur without glottal stop, for example, up [ hɪnʔaʊf ] or [ hɪnaʊf ] remember [ ʔɛrʔinərn ] or [ ʔərɪnərn ], club [ fɛrʔain ] or [ fɛrain ] (but always combine [ fɛrʔainən ]) and midwife [he ː pʔamə ] or [he ː bamə ].

Trained speakers are even able to let the voice of use imperceptibly as possible, so just not a loud crack is heard, yet these voiceless glottal plosive is pronounced in most varieties of German. Sometimes, two different words are differentiated only by the Germans in Glottisschlags each other (eg: the mirror - egg, fried egg).

In the Swiss High German the glottal stop often does not occur. Various German dialects did not know him. If he is not pronounced, then the words as in French or English are directly connected. For example, my car, with the glottal stop: [ ˌ maɪn ʔauto ], is then pronounced as if it * mei Nauto would [ ˌ maɪn auto], as well as French une autre, another ' is pronounced as if it * u nautre would [ yn otʀə ], or English an apple, an apple ' as if it would be * a napple [ ən æpəl ].

The systematic use of clicks Loud in pronunciation of vowels in word-initial is a typical and difficult -to-suppress pronunciation mistake made by many German - native speakers in foreign languages ​​( eg English, French ). Conversely, it falls people who learn German as a foreign language, regularly difficult to imitate the use of Knack sound.

The glottal stop in phonology

In most phonological analyzes of the Germans of the glottal stop is not considered as a separate phoneme, but as phonetic Grenzmarkierer before Vokalanlaut, since it does not appear in all varieties of standard German.

Linguistic history

There is an indication that the glottal stop could have existed in Old High German: In alliteration alliterated only those words that began with the same consonant (or consonant cluster). In addition, however, the alliteration between words was possible, beginning with any vowel. This suggests that beginning with vowel words have therefore alliterates because they started really well with the same consonants, namely the glottal stop.

Glottal stop as a vowel separator ( Hiattilger )

In English, the glottal stop as a release volume between vowels ( Hiattilger, diaeresis ) are used, if they are not contracted to a diphthong ( syneresis ): for example, in the Aleutian Islands ( pronunciation: [ aleʔu ː tən ], not * [ alɔʏ̯tən ], but often without glottal stop: [ aleu tən ː ] ).

Interjections

In German the glottal stop occurs in several interjections:

• A [ ʔəʔə ] or [ ʔ̰m̩ʔ̰m̩ ] with falling intonation indicates negation.
• A [ ʔə'hə ] or [ ʔ̰m̩h̰m̩ ] with rising intonation means consent.

Typical set a sigh with a glottal stop.

The glottal stop in Arabic

In the high- Arab corresponds to the phoneme همز / Hamz /, Compressibility ' a voiceless glottal plosive. In the modern orthography of the grapheme Hamza is the written representation of the sound.

Until the early Islamic period was not Hamza grapheme for the phoneme Hamz, but Alif. However Alif took increasingly the function of the character for a long / a / sound - to be able to these two functions of Alif differ, led al - Farahidi in the 8th century Hamza as additional characters.

Hamzatu l - qat ʿ and Hamzatu l - wasl

In Arabic, the phoneme Hamz can occur in two forms, as Hamzat al - qat ʿ / همزة القطع / Hamzatu l - qat ʿ /, cutting Hamza ' and as Hamzat al - wasl / همزة الوصل / Hamzatu l - Wasl /, coupling Hamza '. Hamzatu l - qat ʿ, at the beginning of the word also called Trennungsalif, is a full consonant, which is also seen as radical as in قرأ / qara ʾ a / 'read' and can be geminiert with a Shadda. Hamzatu l - qat ʿ can occur at any position in the word and be verschriftlicht in the form of a single Hamza as well as above or below a support vowel or as Madda ( the exact spelling rules are presented in the article Hamza ). A Hamzatu l - wasl or connective occurs only in word-initial and only as Alif with Wasla. The phoneme grapheme Hamz in Wasla is only in absolute initial position (isolated or at the beginning of a sentence ) to articulate the vocalization only after a consonant.

Tachfīf al - hamza

In classical Arabic three types of tachfīf al - hamza / تخفيف الهمزة / taḫfīf al - hamza / Hamza - reduction ' as accepted and non- obligatory apply:

• Hamza baina baina / همزة بين بين / hamza baina baina / literally " Hamza between between " - the mitigation of Hamz between two particular vowels to non- articulation
• Ibdāl / إبدال / ibdāl / 'change' - iya to change the pronunciation of i ʾ u ʾ a and a to uwa
• Hadhf / حذف / ḥaḏf /, deletion ' - omitting the Hamz between vowel and consonant, instead of stretching possibly preceding short vowel (ra ʾ s RAs; saw ʾ at about sawat )

/ a ʾ a / can be / pronounced as / ā simplistic. While the debate facilitation Hamza baina baina to / ū / or / ī / and Ibdāl with other vocalization of ( to be replaced ) Hamza existed, but were rejected by Arab grammarians. If two successive Hamza, for example by adding the question particle ʾ a, the second Hamza is dissimilated and instead stretched the location between the vowel Hamza mandatory.

Phonological deviations

In several Arabic dialects the articulation of Hamz does not match the high- Arab. The Taiyi ʿ a Bedouin Hamza is articulated in part as [h ], as is ha - as old dialect form of the question particle ʾ a- handed. In the Arab tribes Tamim and Qais was of an initial Hamz a ʿ Ain - sound [ ʕ ]. In eastern Arabic dialects the pronunciation of the Hamza is attenuated according to Jean Cantineau, in the Maghreb is the sound almost completely disappeared and has lost its phoneme character. According to Mary Catherine Bateson, however, tend western dialects to Hamza not articulate, while it was preserved in the eastern dialects and sometimes " over the top" as ʿ Ain is pronounced.

In Egyptian Arabic and partly in Syrian dialects is QAF, pronounced in the high- Arabic, the grapheme for the voiceless uvular plosive [q ], except in book words like Hamza as a glottal stop. A "fairly frequently " occurring phenomenon in the vernacular is Gotthold Weil According to articulate an initial Hamza as [ w] or [ j] and is called with the failure of an initial Hamza (example: BU instead ʾ Abū ) a further deviation in the vulgar Arab. Read Some language purists the Dehnungsalif as Hamza.

Arab and Western schools of thought

Hamz itself is voiceless, but parted Arab grammarians not the consonantal element of Hamz of the articulated with the vocal Hamz and described Hamz so as voiced. al - Farahidi seemed Hamz to recognize no consonantal element and introduced the speakers not among the gutturals. In his view, would Hamz like Alif, Waw and Ya ʾ no place of articulation, rather the whole oral cavity is reserved for these sounds. az- Zamachscharī described the articulation of Hamz ا / ā as Aqsa as in ه / h and l- Halq / أقصى الحلق / l - Aqsa Halq /, the rearmost part of the throat ', Hamz was then the voiceless glottal fricative faced as voiced likeness.

Sībawaihi and az- Zamachscharī described Hamza as beyond the deepest of the articulated seven Kehl letter Hamza, ه, ا, ع / ʿ, ح / h, غ / ġ and خ / ḫ.

Richard Lepsius According Hamz assigned by orthoepists both the sounding, non- spirierenden as well as the solid, explosive sounds. The sonorous sounds it belongs, " because it takes a auslautend sounding lookup, without which it can not be uttered; however, it may not be aspirated [ ... ]; it is one of the perfect explosives, because a real organ -circuit takes place [ ... ]. " Since Hamz " only " have a sounding element of the second helping, not that of the proposal, Lepsius Georg August Wallin, who Hamz disagreed as media and harf al - qalqala / حرف قلقلة / Harf al - qalqala /, pop or look-up letter ' ( Arabic category with the usually five consonants ق / q ب / b, ط / t, ج / Ǧ and د / d was classified with vocalic element).

Ibn Qutaiba spoke out in favor of only grammatical aspects of regulated pronunciation and thus abdicated to Tachfīf al - hamza. Guidelines on the correct use of Tachfīf al - hamza can be found in the treatises of Ibn ʿ Dascha Isch, Sībawaihi and az- Zamachscharī later joined. Ibn al - Anbari dedicated his Kitāb al - ansāf the controversies of Kufenser and Basrenser the correct Arabic grammar - among the topics discussed, there are also disagreements on Tachfīf al - hamza.