Intel
Line
- Andy Bryant (Chairman)
- Brian Krzanich (CEO)
- Renée James (President)
Intel Corporation (of English Integrated electronics, dt " integrated electronics") is an American semiconductor manufacturer headquartered in Santa Clara, California. It was founded in 1968 by the company Fairchild Semiconductor employees. The European headquarters is located in Munich since 1974. Intel is best known for PC microprocessors, where the company has a market share of about 80 % worldwide. Intel also produces several other types of microchips for computers, for example chipsets for motherboards ( " Intel ICH ", " Intel GMA " ), wireless and network cards as well as embedded CPUs and flash memory. CEO Brian is currently Krzanich.
- 4.1 Sponsorship
- 4.2 -competitive practices
Products and Historical Development
The creation and production of memory chips
Intel was founded on July 18, 1968 by Gordon E. Moore and Robert Noyce as Moore Noyce Electronics in Mountain View, California, after they left Fairchild Semiconductor. Soon after, Andy Grove was set, who led the company in the 1980s and 1990s. The company's goal was to develop memory for computers based on semiconductors and bring to market. The large-scale integration ( Very Large Scale Integration, VLSI) of transistors on silicon stuck in 1968 still in its infancy, and Intel developed the MOS process for the manufacture of semiconductors.
However, the first product of the company was a bipolar 64 -bit Schottky RAM. This was presented in April 1969 under the product name "Intel 3101 ". It was only in July 1969 with the Intel 1101, the first SRAM chip, which was prepared by the MOS process, brought to market. But it was only in October 1975 - but already after half of the original estimate of time - scored the first great leap forward: Intel introduced under the product name " 1103 ", the first DRAM memory module before, which was based on the MOS process and the benefits of had to offer high integration. During the bipolar process only enjoyed the advantage in high-speed components, called itself the MOS Technology developed the preferred semiconductor manufacturing technology.
Gordon Moore in 1965 detected a trend that has not only the history of Intel, but the development of the entire semiconductor technology significantly influenced later than Moore's Law.
Until the mid- 1980s, DRAM was the main business of Intel. The growing competition from Japanese semiconductor manufacturers and the decline in sales related but led in 1983 to a reorientation of the business model. The success of the personal computer by IBM led Intel, henceforth focus on microprocessors and abandon the DRAM production.
EPROM and flash memory
On the Solid State Circuits Conference the year 1971, Dov Frohman before the first EPROM in the world. The Intel EPROM 1702 was a great success and was until the mid- 1980s required in large quantities, not least because Intel was for many years the only manufacturer of EPROMs could produce in large quantities. By 2008 Intel was with Spansion one of the largest manufacturers of flash memory. End of March 2008 was divided Intel most of the Flash production in a joint venture with STMicroelectronics out. The new company was named Numonyx. Intel also provides before the SSD 520 series, a fast SSD disk, the successor to the HDD.
The first microprocessors
As the first microprocessor in the world ( at least according to Intel - reading ) of the 4-bit Intel 4004 was introduced on 15 November 1971. This is Intel have developed on their own responsibility, when the Japanese company Nippon Calculating Machine Corporation had actually commissioned a specialized desktop computer chip. The Intel 8080 was introduced in 1974 is generally regarded as the first full-fledged microprocessor. It is an 8- bit microprocessor, the 8008 (launched in 1972 ) was developed as a successor to the Intel. These first microprocessors laid the foundation for many other products on a similar basis and helped Intel to its strong market power. For this series besides the rare used Succession Type Intel 8085 include a whole range of matching I / O blocks, such as the Intel 8255 for parallel input and output.
The microcontroller
Based on the developments of the microprocessors of the 80 series, Intel 1977 microcontroller 8048 before, but this was replaced in 1980 by the microcontroller 8051. Through clever licensing policy ( inter alia to Siemens and Philips) was the progenitor of a microcontroller 8051 of the most common families of microcontrollers.
X86 processors
The most famous series of Intel microprocessors are the x86, the first model in 1978 with the 8086/8088 was published and was built in the popular IBM PC. Today, Intel builds chips for desktop computers ( Pentium dual-core series, Celeron series, Intel Core 2 series, Intel Core i- series ) for notebooks (Pentium Dual Core, Core Duo, Core 2 Duo and, now, i3, i5, and i7 models ) and for the Xeon workstations and servers. The big server processor Itanium 2 can play to its high computational power only with its native instruction set IA64. x86 machine code ( IA32 ) implement an integrated hardware emulation is slow.
The great success of the x86 series led to a dominant position in the PC industry; times 85 % of PC CPUs came from Intel. So it always came back to the U.S. FTC investigations and lawsuits from competitors. Today's only major competitor in this sector is AMD; Ironically, Robert Noyce was decisive with his initial capital for the establishment of this company. Since 1976, AMD has a patent exchange agreements with Intel, so that all technical innovations can be used alternately. Currently, both companies provide a tough competition, leading to ever faster processors and falling prices. In recent years, a further criterion obtained here with the power consumption and the waste heat significance.
Chipsets and graphics chips
Intel is by far the world leader in graphics chips. So most office computers and laptops use on an Intel Centrino technology platform with integrated graphics ( IGP ). Although Intel had with the i740 in the late 1990s and a graphics chip for plug-in cards on offer, provided these activities but then again. Later, Intel was working again at a discrete GPU codenamed Larrabee, whose development was discontinued in December 2009, however.
Also for new trends like the Internet of Things will offer Intel platforms. A first step in the direction was made with the idea of Intel Edison.
Readable serial number in the Pentium 3
1999 Intel came into public criticism, as the just introduced the first Pentium III ( 450 and 500 MHz) with a globally unique number ( "Processor ID") were provided, which could be read by software. Critics feared that this unique serial number could serve as a basis for spying and monitoring of computer users. Due to public pressure, the Intel processor ID turned off by default and completely omitted in subsequent processor generations on it.
Apps for smartphones and tablet PCs
With its AppUp Developer Program ( IADP ) Intel tries to take on the highly competitive smartphone market. According to Björn Taubert, Marketing Manager at Intel, the IADP " experienced and ambitious app developers a central channel to distribute erstentwickelte or ported Windows and HTML 5 applications for a variety of devices with up to 70 percent revenue share " offers.
Chips for Smartphones
Early January 2012, Intel released on the CES show in Las Vegas for the first time a smartphone before, which is equipped with its own chipset. In April the same year appeared in India with the model Lava Xolo X900 the first Intel smartphone. The end of May followed the produced under the umbrella of Lenovo LePhone K800 in China. With the Orange San Diego the whole world third Intel Smartphone was launched on 6 June in the UK on the market.
Subsidiaries
In 2007, Intel took over the Irish company Havok, which is known mainly for its physics engine.
In July 2009, Intel bought the software company Wind River.
Mid-August 2010, Intel announced at surprising McAfee to take ( a U.S. producer of anti- virus and computer security software) for $ 7.68 billion.
On January 31, 2011, adopted in August 2010 sale of the existing range Infineon Wireless Solutions for $ 1.4 billion to Intel was completed. That this newly formed company has approximately 3,500 employees worldwide and operates now as Intel Mobile Communications GmbH (IMC ).
Competitors
Since Intel is active in many areas of business, the company also has a corresponding number of competitors.
For x86 processors AMD is the main competitor after other companies such as Centaur Technology, Cyrix, Transmeta or have withdrawn from the market either or focus on niche products. In chipsets for motherboards to compete with AMD (formerly ATI Technologies), nVidia and SiS in network chip with Freescale, Broadcom, Marvell and AMCC. In the flash area Spansion, Samsung, Toshiba and Hynix among the competitors.
In January 2006, the first Apple Macintosh was introduced with an Intel processor. While earlier Macintosh models with processors from Motorola ( 68000 ) or IBM (PowerPC G3, G5) were equipped, strengthened this step Intel's market position further.
Marketing
At the turn of 2005/2006, Intel adopted the old company logo as well as the component brand " intel inside" that has been placed on third-party products that contained a CPU from Intel from 37 years.
The new logo is now, as previously framed in " intel inside", by an oval swirl. The "e" in the logo is no longer subscript. The company logo is dependent on the situation by the slogan " leap ahead " ( German: "A step ahead " ) supplements. The new typeface is a modified variant of the Neo Sans and Neo Tech.
With the change of the company logo, a change of marketing strategy goes hand in hand.
Sponsoring
Intel is a sponsor in e- sports and supports eg the following German clans:
- Team Alternate
- mousesports
- N! faculty
- Team Dignitas
Account is also taken of the Electronic Sports League Cup by Intel.
Since December 2013 Intel advertises on tricot inside of FC Barcelona.
Infringements of competition law
In 2005, the company by the Japanese FTC was found guilty of abusing its monopoly position. In June 2008, in South Korea a penalty of $ 21 million, for the same reasons, be imposed. The European Competition Commission condemned Intel in May 2009 to a fine of 1.06 billion euros, after it was revealed that the company had intervened through various price policy measures against distributors and manufacturers massively to the detriment of competitors in the market. Intel announced a lawsuit against the fine, which, however, little chance of success be attributed. The Federal Trade Commission of the United States is also investigating since the end of 2008, the extent to which Intel is illegal in the United States violate applicable antitrust law. For the first time in about 22 years, had to Intel CEO Paul Otellini in July 2009 because of the record fine a quarterly loss for the chipmaker Report. ( Apart from the punishment of the Group performed better than expected ).
In 2007, AMD check for monopoly by Intel in order. Intel should, according to results of the ERS Group have made in the years 1996-2006 60 billion euro profit thereby.
The EU Commission determined since 2007 because of anti-competitive behavior against Intel. The competitive process began in July 2007. In a so-called " blue letter " they threw Intel in 2008 ago to have PC manufacturers offered discounts if they built only Intel components in their computers. A manufacturer had been paid for it, that he brought a series computers with AMD chips only belatedly on the market money. Intel also has been cautioned for a similar business practices in the Japanese market in South Korea and sentenced to a fine. Since 1999, Intel paid the Media -Saturn-Holding for an exclusive sale of Intel products. The affected PC manufacturers were, among others Acer, Dell, Hewlett -Packard, Lenovo and NEC. They received perks when they built almost exclusively Intel processors. If the installation did not completely prevent, Intel has also paid for that computer with an AMD processor will be introduced later. In May 2009, the European Commission fined Intel a cartel fine in the amount of 1.06 billion euros. The Commission based its decision on the fact that Intel had abused its dominant position on the market for processors to displace competitors from the market, which have harmed consumers.
Patent Convention
Intel gets since 1976 quarterly royalties on x86 processors from AMD. Through a cross-licensing agreement in 2001 Intel may use the proprietary AMD64 microarchitecture. In return, AMD may use newer Intel technologies.
Training
The training program Intel - lessons for the future had to convey the goal, teachers skills for the integration of digital media in their classrooms. " Intel Teach - Basic Course " was part of the global action that Intel had started together with Microsoft and leading PC manufacturers at the beginning of the year 2000 for the training of teachers of all school types. The basic course was expired at the end of 2004. The follow-up action " Intel Teach - Interactive" is from 2010 for the teachers in all states available.
Senior managers
CEO since May 2013 Brian Krzanich
The CEOs were:
Chairman of the Board:
- Arthur Rock to 1999 on the board, some ( non-executive ) Chairman
- 1975 Robert Noyce, from 1987, he was Vice - Chairman
- 1979-1997 Gordon E. Moore
- 1997-2005 Andrew Grove
- 2005-2009 Craig R. Barrett
- 2009-2012 Jane E. Shaw
President:
- 1975 Gordon E. Moore
- 1979-1997 Andrew Grove
- 1997 Craig R. Barrett