Aralia

Aralia cordata

The genus belongs to the family Araliaceae Aralia ( Araliaceae ). The approximately 71 species occur mainly in Southeast Asia and China, and some species in the New World before. A few species are used as ornamental plants.

• 5.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance

Aralia species grow as most deciduous shrubs to small trees or often as a perennial herbaceous plants with rhizomes as Überdauerungsorganen, rarely as lianas. In the section Pentapanax thrive several species as epiphytes, the other terrestrial species grow. The trunk and branches are armed only with the section Dimorphanthus with spines.

Leaves and stipules

The alternate arranged leaves are large and divided into petiole and leaf blade. The composite leaf blades are simply pinnate to four times ( in the other genera they are not feathered, but not more than lobed palmate to split ). The leaflets of the second or third order are often in three parts ( for example, Aralia racemosa ). The Blattrhachis is divided. The three to twenty leaflets have smooth to serrated, notched or wavy leaf margins.

The pubescence of the leaflets is an important determining feature since very different trichomes occur. The leaf margins may be ciliate with soft hairs. The upper leaf surface, for example, from Aralia atropurpurea may be hairy rough with short, stiff, white trichomes, which usually have a swollen base. The lower leaf surface is sparsely soft or fluffy, short (for example Aralia thomsonii ) or densely woolly, soft hairs (for example, Aralia dasyphylloides ). The trichomes may be (eg, Aralia humilis ), long and soft (for example, Aralia racemosa Aralia cordata) or multicellular (eg Aralia elata ) branches (eg, Aralia nudicaulis ), two-celled.

There are usually two stipules present, which may be adherent to the base of the petiole.

Blüten-/Fruchtstände and flower stalks

The terminal or pendant on an inflorescence stem standing, usually branched, ie composite, paniculate, or schirmrispigen doldigen total inflorescences are composed of doldigen, capitate or racemose inflorescences part and contain many flowers; rarely a simple Doldiger inflorescence is formed. There are supporting ( bracts ) and bracts ( Brakteolen ) available. The flower stalks are usually divided below the ovary; among closely related species Aralia Aralia bahiana excelsa and they are not divided.

Flowers

The flowers are usually hermaphrodite. In some species Andromonözie is present, it is therefore beside the flowers hermaphrodite and functionally male flowers available. In the only dioecious getrenntgeschlechtigen ( dioecious ) species Aralia nudicaulis the male flowers have stamens much longer than in the functionally female flowers.

The flowers are usually fünfzählig radial symmetry, or more rarely six to zwölfzählig, double perianth. The usually five, rarely up to twelve sepals forming a wreath with five, rarely up to twelve triangular to rounded, mostly tiny calyx teeth. The five, rarely up to twelve petals are more or less egg-shaped and overlap like roof tiles. It's just a circle with five, rarely available up to twelve stamens, which are curved back in the flower bud. The pollen grains are rounded to triangular in polar view and are dreicolporat. Most five, rarely three or six to twelve carpels are fused to an under standing, three to zwölfkammerigen ovary. It is depending on an outstanding until flat discus available. The usually five, rarely three or six to twelve pens are fused completely free (eg, Aralia nudicaulis ) or at the base to almost completely (eg, Aralia excelsa ).

Fruit and seeds

The more or less spherical, berry -like drupes, which are interpreted as berries ( Wen 2011), are five to zwölfkammerig, sometimes three - to five -edged. The fruits turn at maturity usually dark - purple to black, only Aralia henryi they turn bright red.

The laterally flattened seeds contain endosperm; the seed surface is smooth ( in the genus Panax it is rough).

Chromosome numbers

The basic chromosome number is x = 12 In the sections Aralia and Nanae next diploid tetraploid chromosome sets also occur ( polyploidy ).

Occurrence

The approximately 71 species occur mainly in Asia, particularly in Southeast Asia and China, and with only about 14 species in the New World.

System

The genus Aralia was erected in 1753 by Carolus Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, Volume 1, page 273-274. As Aralia racemosa L. Lectotypusart has been set. The genus name Aralia was " apparently derived from a Canadian plant names ", so the view is taken: Aralia is derived from the name of Aralia from which the French- American- kandadischem or Native American, possibly irokoesischem, origin.

Synonyms for Aralia L. are: Acanthophora Merr, Coemansia Marchal, Coudenbergia Marchal, Cwangayana Rauschert, Dimorphanthus Miq. . non Dimorphanthes Cass., Hunaniopanax CJQi & TRCaoMegalopanax Ekman, Neoacanthophora Bennet Parapentapanax Hutch. , Pentapanax Seem. and Sciadodendron Griseb ..

The genus Aralia belongs to the subfamily Aralioideae within the Araliaceae family. It is equipped with about 71 species, the fifth richest genus of the Araliaceae family.

The scope of the genus has been controversially discussed, particularly whether the 18 to 22 species of the genus Pentapanax be asked to Aralia. Several works by Jun Wen, most recently in 2011, clarified the scope of the genus Aralia. After phylogenetic studies divided the genus Aralia June Wen new in six sections:

• Section Aralia ( Aralia Aralia sect, Syn. Aralia sect Anomalae Harms, Aralia sect Genuinae Harms, type species Aralia racemosa L. is. . ): There are branched, perennial herbaceous plant with simple rhizomes. They have a well developed root system. The trichomes are simple. The laminae are in the lower portion of the stem, two or three times and a feathered or twice at the top. The doldigen partial inflorescences are borne in terminal or pendant, robust, doldigen or total paniculate inflorescences. There are Stipules present. The small with a diameter of 1 to 2 millimeters flowers are fünfzählig. The fruits turn dark purple when ripe or sometimes red. With 14 species in eastern Asia, the Himalayas, the eastern and western North America: Aralia apioides Hand. - Mazz. It comes only in the Chinese provinces of northwestern Yunnan, southeastern Tibet and western Sichuan at altitudes 3000-3600 meters mostly in shady and moist locations in spruce forests, but also in laurel and mixed - conifer forests before.
• Aralia atropurpurea Franch. ( Syn: .. . Panax atropurpureus ( Franch. ) Hand. - Mazz, Aralia yunnanensis Franch, Aralia fargesii Franch var yunnanensis ( Franch. ) HLLi, Aralia melanocarpa ( H.Lév ) Lauener, Eleutherococcus melanocarpus H.Lév. . , Aralia dumetorum Hand. - Mazz ). It comes only in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan at altitudes 1800-3300 meters in laurel, mixed - conifer forests or evergreen forests before.
• Aralia bicrenata Wooton & Standlschmaus. Homeland are the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.
• Aralia cachemirica Decne. Thrives at altitudes 1700-4700 meters in the northwestern Himalayas.
• Aralia californica S.Watson: Home is California and Oregon.
• Aralia continentalis Kitag. Homeland is China, Korea and eastern Russia.
• Aralia cordata Thunb. Homeland Japan and Korea.
• Aralia fargesii Franch. ( Syn: Aralia kansuensis G.Hoo ): She comes into the Chinese provinces of Hubei, Chongqing, Gansu, Sichuan, Shaanxi and Qinghai ago at altitudes 1750-3400 meters.
• Aralia glabra Matsum. It comes only in the central area of ​​the Japanese island of Honshu before at altitude 1430-1810 meters, where it thrives in shady locations in Abies or Tsuga forests.
• Aralia henryi Harms (synonym: Aralia pilosa Franch. ): She comes into the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan and Yunnan at altitudes 1000-2300 meters in front, where it thrives on shady spots in woods.
• Aralia racemosa L.: History is the eastern North America.
• Aralia schmidtii Pojark. Homeland is eastern Russia.
• Aralia taiwaniana YCLiu & FYLu: home is Taiwan.
• Aralia tibetana G.Hoo: History is the eastern Himalayas.

• Section Dimorphanthus ( Miq. ) Miq. ( Aralia sect Dimorphanthus ( Miq. ) Miq, Syn: .. Aralia sect arborescentes Harms, Aralia sect Capituligerae Harms, Aralia sect Digitatipanicula Hoo Hoo & Tseng Aralia elata type species ( Miq. ) Miq. .. .. ): There are unreinforced subshrubs, shrubs and trees, sometimes lianas. The leaf blades are two - or sometimes three to four times pinnate (eg, Aralia armata, finlaysoniana Aralia, Aralia ferox ). There are stipules and simple trichomes present. You are andromonözisch or hermaphrodite. The many doldigen partial inflorescences are arranged in terminal, large, 20 to 150 centimeters long, paniculate or doldigen total inflorescences. The flowers are fünfzählig. The pens are free or fused at their base. The fruits turn when ripe dark purple to black. With disjunktem area in temperate to tropical Asia and eastern North America, with approximately 29 species: Aralia armata ( wall. ex Don ) Seem. Homeland is China and the Himalayas.
• Aralia bipinnata Blanco: Aralia bipinnata Blanco var bipinnata: History, the Philippines and Taiwan.
• Aralia bipinnata Blanco var apoensis ( Elmer) J.Wen: home is the Philippines.

• Aralia elata ( Miq. ) Seem. var elata: History, China and Japan.
• Aralia elata ( Miq. ) Seem. mandshurica var ( Rupr. & Maxim. ) J.Wen: History, China and eastern Russia.
• Aralia elata ( Miq. ) Seem. var ryukyuensis J.Wen: home is southern Japan.
• Aralia elata ( Miq. ) Seem. var inermis ( Yanagita ) J.Wen: home is southern Japan.

• Section humiles Harms ( Aralia sect humiles Harms, type species Aralia humilis Cav.. ): There are non-reinforced shrubs. The leaf blades are one or two times ( Aralia brisk liana ) feathered. There are Stipules present. The underside of the leaf trichomes are branched. There are stomata on both leaf surfaces available. The flowers are usually five, rarely sechszählig. The fruits turn dark purple when ripe. Five to fifteen doldige partial inflorescences are borne in a terminal, loose, paniculate inflorescence total. With three species in Central and North America: Aralia humilis Cav. Homeland is Central and North America.
• Aralia brisk liana Marchal: home is Mexico.
• Aralia scopulorum Brandegee: home is Baja California.

• Section Nanae Harms ( Aralia sect Nanae Harms, type species of Aralia L. nudicaulis. ), With only one type: Aralia nudicaulis L.: She is in North America widely from Newfoundland to northern Alberta and north - central British Columbia, south in the eastern mountain range and Colorado as well as in eastern Washington in the western mountain range at altitudes 50-2700 meters to northern Georgia different habitats. It is a stemless, perennial herbaceous plant with long horizontal rhizomes that can become woody. The trichomes are simple and narrow, rarely branched at their peak. It is dioecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( dioecious ). It is formed a single, standing on an undergraduate, long inflorescence stem, bündeliger total inflorescence is composed of mostly three (two to seven) doldigen part inflorescences. The flowers are usually five, rarely sechszählig. The usually five, rarely six pen are free. The fruits turn blackish - purple when ripe.

• Section Pentapanax ( Seem. ) J.Wen sect ( Aralia Pentapanax ( Seem. ) J.Wen, type species Aralia leschenaultii ( Seem. ) J.Wen, Syn: .. Pentapanax Seem, type species Pentapanax leschenaultii ( DC.) Seem. . Parapentapanax Hutch, type species Parapentapanax racemosus ( Seem. ) Hutch ). There are non-reinforced, branched shrubs and trees. You are bald or have simple trichomes. Stipules may be missing. The leaf blades are usually simple, rarely two or three times ( Aralia Aralia wilsonii and plumosa ) feathered. The doldigen or sometimes racemose (A. gigantea, A. lihengiana, and A. subcordata ) partial inflorescences are borne in terminal, paniculate or doldigen total inflorescences. The inflorescences are on durable bracts. The flowers are fünfzählig. The stylus are totally or fused at its base or rarely free. The fruits turn dark purple when ripe. With about 19 species widely distributed in Asia, particularly in the Sino - Himalayan region, for example, in northern India, Nepal and western China; but the deposits also extend to Java, in the northern Thailand and northern Vietnam: Aralia caesia Hand. - Mazz. Homeland is China.
• Aralia castanopsisicola ( Hayata ) J.Wen: home is Taiwan and China.
• Aralia delavayi J.Wen: homeland is China.
• Aralia franchetii J.Wen: homeland is China.
• Aralia hypoglauca ( CJQi & TRCao ) J.Wen & Y. F.Deng: homeland is China.
• Aralia gigantea J.Wen: Home is the Himalayas.
• Aralia glabrifoliolata ( CBShang ) J.Wen: homeland is China.
• Aralia kingdon - wardii J.Wen, Lowry & Esser: Home is the Himalayas.
• Aralia laevis J.Wen: home is Southeast Asia.
• Aralia leschenaultii ( DC.) J.Wen: History is the eastern Asia.
• Aralia lihengiana J.Wen, L.Deng & X.Shi: History is the western China.
• Aralia parasitica ( D.Don ) J.Wen: History, China and the Himalayas.
• Aralia plumosa H.L.Li: homeland is China.
• Aralia shangiana J.Wen: homeland is China.
• Aralia stellata ( King) J.Wen: homeland is China and northern Thailand.
• Aralia subcordata ( Don ) J.Wen: Home is the Himalayas.
• Aralia tomentella Franch. Homeland is China.
• Aralia verticillata ( Dunn) J.Wen: homeland is China and northern Vietnam.
• Aralia wilsonii Harms: homeland is China.

• Section Sciadodendron ( Griseb. ) J.Wen sect ( Aralia Sciadodendron ( Griseb. ) J.Wen, type species Aralia excelsa ( Griseb. ) J.Wen, Syn. Sciadodendron Griseb, type species Sciadodendron excelsum Griseb, Coudenbergia Marchal, type species.. Coudenbergia warmingiana ( Marchal ) Marchal, Megalopanax Ekman ex Harms, type species Megalopanax rex Ekman ex Harms ). There are non-reinforced, barren trees or large, branched shrubs. The leaf blades are two -, three -, or four times pinnate. The doldigen partial inflorescences are arranged in paniculate inflorescences total, some inflorescences are usually located at the shoot tip. The inflorescences are about bracts. The flowers are five -, six- to ten - or rarely zwölfzählig. The pens are free or fused at their base. The fruits turn dark purple when ripe. With about five species in Central and South America and Cuba: Aralia bahiana J.Wen: History is the eastern Brazil. New style in June Who: Systematics and Biogeography of Aralia L. ( Araliaceae ): Revision of Aralia Sects. Aralia, humiles, Nanae, and Sciadodendron, In: Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, Volume 57, 2011, p 1-172.
• Aralia excelsa ( Griseb. ) J.Wen: History is Central and South America.
• Aralia rex ( Ekman ex Harms ) J.Wen: home is Cuba.
• Aralia soratensis Marchal: home is South America.
• Aralia warmingiana ( Marchal ) J.Wen: home is South America.

• Aralia apioides Hand. - Mazz.
• Aralia armata ( wall. ex G.Don ) Seem.
• Aralia atropurpurea Franch.
• Aralia bahiana J.Wen
• Aralia bicrenata Wooton & Standlschmaus.
• Aralia bipinnata Blanco
• Aralia cachemirica Decne.
• Aralia caesia Hand. - Mazz.
• Aralia californica S.Watson
• Aralia castanopsiscola ( Hayata ) J.Wen
• Aralia chinensis L.
• Aralia continentalis Kitag.
• Aralia cordata Thunb.
• Aralia dasyphylla Miq.
• Aralia dasyphylloides ( Hand. - Mazz. ) J.Wen
• Aralia decaisneana Hance
• Aralia delavayi J.Wen
• Aralia echinocaulis Hand. - Mazz.
• Japanese Aralia ( Aralia elata ( Miq. ) Seem. )
• Aralia elegans C.N.Ho
• Aralia excelsa ( Griseb. ) J.Wen
• Aralia fargesii Franch.
• Aralia ferox Miq.
• Aralia finlaysoniana ( wall. ex G.Don ) Seem.
• Aralia foliolosa Seem. ex C.B.Clarke
• Aralia frodiniana J.Wen
• Aralia gigantea J.Wen
• Aralia gintungensis C.Y.Wu ex K.M.Feng
• Aralia glabra Matsum.
• Aralia glabrifoliolata ( C.B.Shang ) J.Wen
• Aralia henryi Harms
• Aralia hiepiana J.Wen & Lowry
• Aralia hispida Vent.
• Aralia houheensis W.X.Wang, W.Y.Guo & Y.S.Fu
• Aralia humilis Cav.
• Aralia hypoglauca ( CJQi & TRCao ) J.Wen & YFDeng
• Aralia kingdon - wardii J.Wen, Lowry & Esser
• Aralia laevis J.Wen
• Aralia leschenaultii ( DC.) J.Wen
• Aralia lihengiana J.Wen, L.L.Deng & X.C.Shi
• Aralia malabarica Bedd.
• Aralia melanocarpa ( H.Lév. ) Lauener
• Aralia merrillii C.B.Shang
• Aralia mexicana ( C.B.Shang & X.P.Li ) Frodin
• Aralia montana flower
• Aralia L. nudicaulis
• Aralia officinalis Z.Z.Wang
• Aralia parasitica ( D.Don ) J.Wen
• Aralia plumosa H.L.Li
• Aralia racemosa L.
• Aralia brisk liana Marchal
• Aralia rex ( Ekman ) J.Wen
• Aralia scaberula G.Hoo
• Aralia scopulorum Brandegee
• Aralia shangiana J.Wen
• Aralia soratensis Marchal
• Aralia spinifolia Merr.
• Aralia spinosa L.
• Aralia stellata ( King) J.Wen
• Aralia stipulata Franch.
• Aralia subcordata ( wall. ex G.Don ) J.Wen
• Aralia thomsonii Seem. ex C.B.Clarke
• Aralia tibetana G.Hoo
• Aralia tomentella Franch.
• Aralia undulata Hand. - Mazz.
• Aralia urticifolia Blume ex Miq.
• Aralia vietnamensis Ha
• Aralia warmingiana ( Marchal ) J.Wen
• Aralia wilsonii Harms

Use

Some species ( particularly Aralia elata ) are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens.

From some species the young leaves are cooked used as herbs. Furthermore, the raw and cooked leaves and stem axis pieces of some species are eaten as a salad or vegetables. From a few species, the fruit is eaten raw or cooked. For example, Aralia hispida Aralia racemosa and are used in root beer. From the underground parts of plants of Aralia nudicaulis a tea is prepared. Many species have been investigated for their medicinal effects.

Swell

• Qibai Xiang & Porter P. Lowry: Araliaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 13, 2007: Aralia, pp. 480 and Pentapanax, pp. 475 - text the same as printed work online. (Section Description, systematics and occurrence)
• June Who: Systematics and Biogeography of Aralia L. ( Araliaceae ): Revision of Aralia Sects. Aralia, humiles, Nanae, and Sciadodendron, In: Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, Volume 57, 2011, p 1-172: Full text PDF. (Section Description, systematics and occurrence)