Bible concordance

A Bible concordance is a concordance to the text of the Bible, that is a list of use cases ( Okkurrenzen ) all, or all important words of the biblical text, at least with reference to the publication and conveniently, also under playback of each context.

A Bible concordance is required for the study of the Bible in order to simplify the study of parallel passages and vocabulary of each Bible text.

Latin Vulgate

Bible concordance to the Vulgate were first created for the Latin Bible text, the first complete concordance in 1230 ( in use from 1239 ) under the auspices of the Dominican Hugh of St. Charo († 1236 ) in the Jacobin monastery in Paris, the case for the Make evidence to the chapter divisions resorted by Stephen Langton († 1228 ), and these added by a seven- division of the chapter, a Zitiersystem, which was maintained until the introduction of today's Verszählung by Robert Estienne.

During Hugo's inventory offered only a short concordance with job information, but without the context of the passages cited, and was therefore later called Concordantia brevis, supplemented other Dominicans its directory in the years up to 1252 to quotes the relevant passages and thus created the so-called Concordantiae Maximae. This because of the often lavish length of the quotes very voluminous inventory (circa 1363 †) again revised by Conrad of Halberstadt and shortened in the context quotations to a less extensive output that were under the title Concordantiae maiores known.

Prompted by theological discussions at the Council of Basel then left the Dominican John of Ragusa ( † 1443 ) in the 15th century by several staff create a partial concordance again that the " dictiones indeclinabiles " was limited and 1496 by Sebastian Brant, together with the Concordantiae maiores was published in print.

These medieval and early modern concordances of the Vulgate were the starting point for the numerous printed and amended several times concordances until the recent time, the electronically based only through 1977 in Stuttgart Frommann - Holzboog in five volumes printed concordance of the Benedictine Boniface fishermen were replaced. Fischer created its output by inspired the critical text of the Stuttgart edition of the Vulgate (2nd edition 1975), including entries in the critical apparatus to 8-channel tape and created the word forms with the help of Roberto Busa SJ for its index Thomisticus ( and in Tübingen extended for this purpose) " Lexicon Latinum Electronicum " reduced to the basic lexical forms. To avoid Abschreibfehlern the text was captured twice and compared automatically. The computer work was carried out in the Center for Data Processing, University of Tübingen with the help of programs from which the Tübingen System of Text Processing Programs TUSTEP emerged.

Hebrew text

The first concordance of the Hebrew text was 1437-1447 by the French philosopher and theologian Isaac Nathan ben created Kalonymus of Arles who called his work Meïr Natib ( Illuminator of the way ) and thus an aid would be made available to in theological discussions with the Christian theologians and Jewish apostates to be able to find the needed for reasoning passages easier. Isaac Nathan followed the example of the Vulgate and their concordances, when he used the order of the books in the Vulgate and their chapter and Verseinteilung, a first in the Jewish editor of the Hebrew Bible text. His concordance was first printed in 1523 in Venice and then in a revised by Johannes Reuchlin and supplemented by Latin word explanations edition 1556 in Basel. One to an Aramaic Concordance and property and name indexes expanded edition of the Franciscan Mario di Calasio († 1620), who worked as a teacher of Hebrew in Rome and was confessor of Pope Paul V. was published posthumously in 1621 in Rome. A similar, thorough review by the Basel Protestants and Hebrew Professor Johann Buxtorf the Elder ( † 1629) was published after his death in 1632 by his son and successor, John Buxtorf the Younger ( † 1664) in Basel, revised in the following years several times by other, forming then the basis for the comprehensive new edition by Julius Fürst ( Leipzig 1840). On critical revision of this predecessor then based the concordance of Salomon Mandelkern (Leipzig 1896, Leipzig shorter edition 1900).

Delivered independently by Isaac Nathan and only in manuscript form are two versions of a concordance of the Masoretic text, which created the poet and philologist Elijah Levita in the first half of the 16th century in Italy and ( in the second editor) Sichronot Sefer ( Book of Remembrance ) called it. The first, completed 1515-1521 and now in the Munich State Library, he devoted himself to the cardinal of Viterbo, Egidio da Viterbo, the second he finished in 1536 in Venice. It is now in the National Library in Paris.

Greek text of the Old Testament

A concordance to the Greek text of the Septuagint and the New Testament should already have been the end of the 13th century present in Rome, from its text but has not received anything. The first concordance of the Septuagint, supplemented by Hebrew word correspondences, 1607 brought the Augsburg Conrad Kircher out († 1622) in Frankfurt, a second edition was published in 1622 in Wittenberg. In polemical confrontation with Kircher published in 1718 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands Abraham van der Trommen ( " Trommius " † 1719) a concordance of the Septuagint that involved the versions of Aquila, Symmachus and Theodotion from the Hexapla of Origen and on previous work by the Dominican Bernard de Montfaucon († 1741) was based.

These older works were replaced by 1892-97 the great Oxford Concordance by Edwin Hatch and Henry Redpath, in addition to the Septuagint and the versions of the Hexapla also includes the Old Testament Apocrypha, also cites Hebrew equivalents and 1900 supplemented by a supplement to the proper name was.

Greek text of the New Testament

After Erasmus of Rotterdam had in 1516 the Greek textus Receptus of the New Testament first published in print, the Augsburg German Rectors Sixtus Birken created ( Xystus Betuleius, † 1554 ), using his students a concordance, which was printed in 1546 in Basel.

There were other concordances by Henri Estienne (Paris 1594 ) and Erasmus Schmid ( Wittenberg 1638), then in the 19th century by Karl Hermann brother (Leipzig 1842) and - in the meantime, on the basis of the critical texts by Konstantin von Tischendorf and Brooke Foss Westcott of and Fenton John Anthony Hort - by William F. Moulton and Alfred S. Geden (Edinburgh and New York, 1897). In 1978, on the basis of the textus Receptus and all critical editions of the concordance by Kurt Aland and 1980, the computer concordance of the University of Münster.

The Synoptic Concordance to the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke ( Synoptics ) indicates not only the citations and the document texts of Greek keywords from the Synoptics, but also the respective parallel passages. This is visible whether the respective synoptic parallels containing the keyword or not. Edition: P. Hoffmann, T. Hieke, U. Bauer, Synoptic Concordance, 4 volumes, Berlin / New York 1999-2000.