Bohemia

• Bohemia
• Moravia
• Silesia

Bohemia ( Czech Bohemia, Bohemia Latin ) is one of the historic lands of the Bohemian crown. It now belongs to the territory of the Czech Republic, but is not a separate administrative unit more. Bohemia is also used to also its residents, regardless of their nationality.

• 5.1 Old Bohemian circles
• 5.2 Political districts and judicial districts 1850-1938
• 5.3 counties and districts under German occupation

• 8.1 history
• 8.2 Cultural History

Coat of arms

The Bohemian lion is an upright silver doppelschwänziger lion with a golden crown of leaves on red gold He is armed and bezungt.

Geography

Location

Bohemia area is about 52,065 km ². It is bordered to the northeast Poland, on the east by the historical region of Moravia, to the south by Austria in the southwest and west by Bavaria and to the northwest by Saxony.

The historic triangle with Moravia and Austria is at the forefront of Bohemian sat at the Hohenstein at Staré Město pod Landštejnem.

Bohemia is mainly limited by its four Edge Mountains:

• Bohemian Forest ( southwestern border of the Austrian Upper Austria and Bavaria )
• Ore Mountains ( north-western border with Saxony )
• Sudetes (northern and northeastern boundary of Upper Lusatia and Silesia to )
• Bohemian- Moravian Highlands (eastern border of Moravia and southern forest district )

Thus, it forms a landscape boiler, small exceptions bounded by the watersheds of the basins of Moldova ( Vltava ) and the Elbe ( Labe ) ( to the border with Germany ). In the latter, the Eger flows ( Ohře ) whose headwaters located in Franconia ( in the Fichtelgebirge ).

Structure

Bohemia comprises the western two -thirds of the Czech Republic. These now include the Czech capital Prague ( Praha), they ( kraj Středočeský ) surrounding Central Bohemian Region and the lying around this region clockwise regions Reichenberg ( Liberec Region ), Hradec Králové ( Hradec Králové Region ), Region of the greater part of Pardubice, the western half kraj the highlands, most of the South Bohemian Region ( South Bohemia, ), the Pilsen region ( western Bohemia ), the Carlsbad Region, Ústí nad Labem Ústí region to ( Ústí nad Labem ), and today the South Moravian region ( South Moravian Region ) belongs Jobova Lhota.

Landscape

The current borders of Bohemia are well over 1000 years old; the Cheb region came only in the late Middle Ages to. Bohemia is on three sides encompassed by mountains, but without forming a boiler. It concludes with the Fichtelgebirge in the central German terraced landscapes. Bohemia and Moravia hangs together so tight that you can see on the other hand a common Bohemian- Moravian terrace land in the space between Eger, Elbe and Danube on the one hand and March and Naab.

The catchment areas of the Danube and the Oder amount to only 6.4% of the land area ( 3184 km ²), while the Elbe catchment area occupies 48,772 km ². The river system of the same part of the Vltava River, which flows into the Elbe at Melnik. At the east there are some streams that drain to March, so that is the main European watershed by Bohemia

The terrace land of Bohemia is divided by the Elbe and Eger, Sázava and Berounka and by the deep furrow meridian of Moldova. The small, round enclosed lowlands are:

• North Bohemian Basin
• Dolnooharská tabule
• Laun - Saaz level
• Theresienstadt level
• Melnik level
• Nimburger level
• Pardubice level
• Jihoceska kotlina ( South Bohemian basin, Budweis - Wittingauer deep plate ) Českobudějovická pánev ( Budweiser pool)
• Třeboňská pánev ( Trebon Basin)

One can also find numerous mountains:

• Andělská hora (Engel Berg 713 m)
• UHOST ( Burberg, 591 m)
• Rip ( George Berg 455 m)
• Tok ( Tock mountain 853 m)
• Třemšín ( Trschemschinberg 822 m)
• Boubín ( Kubany 1,358 m)

The natural border of Bohemia to the west is the Bohemian Forest, which is connected by the plateau of forest Assen with the Fichtelgebirge.

Historical term

The name derives from the Celtic tribe of the Boii ( Boiohaemum = Home of the Boii, spätlat. Bohemia ) from.

History

The King of Bohemia was one of the seven electors who chose the Roman- German king.

Historical administrative divisions

Old Bohemian circles

Charles IV began in the mid-14th century to divide his kingdom into large administrative units. Such administrative unit was called in the documents on German circle kraj in Czech and Latin vicious. It was in Bohemia seven to 16 circles. In Moravia there were two to six circles, in Austrian Silesia there were two.

The number of circles and thus their size changed several times. This circular arrangement lasted until 1862, but played shortly after the revolution of 1848 virtually no role in the administration.

The circular structure (16 circles) 1833-1849 by Johann Gottfried summer was:

• Berauner circuit ( Beroun)
• Bidschower circuit ( Nový Bydžov )
• Budweiser circuit ( České Budějovice )
• Bunzlauer district ( Stara Boleslav )
• Čáslav circuit ( Čáslav )
• Chrudim District (Chrudim )
• Loket circuit ( Loket )
• Kaurimer circuit ( Kourim )
• Klatt Auer circuit ( Klatovy )
• Hradec Kralove ( Hradec Králové )
• Leitmeritzer circuit ( Litoměřice )
• Plzen region (Plzeň )
• Prachin circuit ( Strakonice, named after the castle in Prachin Horažďovice )
• Rakonitzer circuit ( Rakovníka, Slany )
• Saaz district ( Žatec )
• Tabor Circle ( Tábor )

Political districts and judicial districts 1850-1938

As of 1850, the old big circles through political districts (prefectures ) were replaced in all areas of the monarchy except Hungary, each of which consisted of one or more jurisdictions ( the judiciary). In the Austrian provinces of this division still exists today. Normally, a political district was (Czech: politický okres ) is less than a former old district, and a district court (Czech: soudní okres ) is smaller than a political district. There was crown land in Bohemia 104 political districts and in 229 jurisdictions. Moravia had 32 and Austrian Silesia nine political districts.

This district classification was apart from minor changes until 1938, thus also in the First Czechoslovak Republic in Bohemia. To develop in Moravia and Slovakia see Okres.

Counties and districts under German occupation

Due to the Munich Agreement of 29 September 1938, the predominantly German -speaking part of Bohemia was added to the German Reich Reich District of Sudetenland and divided into urban and rural districts against the will of Czechoslovakia; were superior administrative districts. The rest of Bohemia, since March 15, 1939 in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, was further divided into administrative districts and judicial districts, although several political districts were still together in a District High Commissioner District.

In the Reich District of Sudetenland, there were five urban districts and 52 counties. In the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, there were 67 Bohemian and Moravian 30 political districts. This management structure was valid until the end of World War II.

Bohemian culture

Bohemia has always been a European region, clashed in the religious and ethnic differences. This conflicts generated, but also productive interactions. The Bohemian culture is characterized by diversity in their interaction and clash of Czech, German and Jewish influences. Thus, for example, was involved Prague under the Luxembourg instrumental in shaping the international art of Parlerzeit. In the 19th and 20th centuries drew writers like Adalbert Stifter, Rainer Maria Rilke, Jaroslav Hašek, Franz Kafka, Max Brod, Karel Čapek, Franz Werfel, Johannes Urzidil ​​and Torberg and composers such as Bedrich Smetana, Antonín Dvořák, Leoš Janáček, Gustav Mahler and Viktor Ullmann in their works from the rich cultural tradition of the country.

In the second half of the 19th century all disciplines comprehensive Czech science and culture scene whose claim is expressed among other things in the Architecture of Prague around 1900 was born. The Bohemian German minority was no less productive; they vied with the entire German -speaking world. The Prager Tageblatt was one of the best German-language newspapers of the time. The industry of Bohemia was a leader in Austria - Hungary. The crown land was the wealthiest Cisleithania.

In the field of animal breeding, the golden Kinsky horses are mentioned, a rare breed, the breed was established in 1838 in Chlumec of Octavian Joseph Graf Kinsky.

Famous are the Czech cuisine, Czech beer and Czech brass music. Typical of the Czech cuisine are dumplings, hearty meat dishes and sweet desserts ( in the Austrian word meaning) as dessert. The cultural traditions of Bohemia are closely related to those in Bavaria and Austria - the Viennese cuisine about bohemian influences are unmistakable.

The term " bohemian " is derived from the French term " bohémien " (from the 15th century ) for the coming of Roma from Bohemia. The character of the designation of origin was lost in French as in English, so that " bohémien " to a label messy, dissolute morals, or for the way of life in artistic circles and was no longer related to ethnicity.

Wenceslas of Bohemia and John of Nepomuk are worshiped by the Czechs high.