Chromolaena

Chromolaena odorata

Chromolaena is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family ( Asteraceae). This species can be neotropisch with 165-176 species.

  • 4.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

The Chromolaena species grow as perennial herbaceous plants or subshrubs to shrubs and usually reach stature heights of 20 to 250 centimeters. The self upright to climbing Stems are sparsely branched up tight. There are always formed fibrous roots.

The mostly opposite, rarely alternate or whorled arranged on the stem axis leaves are petiolate or sessile. Striking and characteristic of the genus Chromolaena three extending from the base main nerves; it is rarely different. The simple leaf blades are usually delta to ovate or elliptic, sometimes linear. The leaf margin is almost smooth to toothed or lobed. The leaf surfaces are bare or downy to woolly hairy, and sometimes glandular- dotted.

Inflorescences, flowers and fruits

In dense to open, schirmtraubigen or thyrsenförmigen total inflorescences are more or less zymöse part inflorescences, each containing several basket- shaped part of inflorescence; rarely is a single flower head on a long, upright inflorescence stem. The flower heads are disc-shaped. In a case of a diameter 2-7 mm usually bell-shaped to hemispherical involucre are in four to more than six rows 18 to more than 65, more or less imbricate overlapping bracts. The significantly unequal, often not very long lasting, not later than falling to the fruit time, parchment-like or herbaceous, ovate to oblong bracts ( Involucralblätter ) An extended herbaceous or colored top and three to five nerves. The flat to slightly conical inflorescence base ( Rezeptaculum ) can sometimes have chaff leaves. There are no ray florets ( ray florets = ) available.

Most 15 to 40 (6 to 75) tubular flowers are hermaphroditic. The colors of the petals range from white, blue, purple, to lavender or rarely reddish. The five petals are fused into a cylindrical corolla tube, which is three to four times longer than their diameter. The Kronröhren are hardly closer to their base. The five Kronzähne are slightly to considerably longer than wide. The Kronröhren are outside bald, just below the Kronzähne they have several to many short -stalked glands and often stiff hair. The Corolla lobe are about as long as wide. The Corolla lobe are inside subg in Chromolaena. Chromolaena papillose and subg in Chromolaena. Osmiella bald. The anthers are truncated at its base. The anthers have large, elongated appendage that as long as they are one and a half wide with a smooth or notched top. Those who superior corolla tube, two bald pen branches are not broadened in the lower range, narrow - linear to linear- clavate, so widened slightly at the top, and slightly warty to dense, long papillae.

The prismatic achenes are usually three to fünfrippig, usually dotted with glandular and bristly hairs mainly on the ribs. The Pappus consists of a circuit 40 arranged as free, durable bristles rarely widened at the bottom.

Chromosome number

The basic chromosome number is x = 10, 16

Dissemination

The genus Chromolaena has a Neotropical distribution. Species thrive in subtropical to tropical areas. They come from the south-east to south-central United States via Mexico to Central America and South America, especially Brazil, before. One way of Chromolaena odorata is cultivated and is used in many areas of the world a neophyte; it is considered aggressive invasive plant.

System

The genus Chromolaena was erected in 1836 by Augustin- de Candolle Pyrame in Prodromus systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, Volume 5, p 133. Type species is Chromolaena horminoides DC. The genus name is derived from Chromolaena the Greek words chroma for color and laina for coat, maybe it refers to the colored bracts of some species, including the type species. Synonyms for Chromolaena DC. are: Eupatorium sect. Cylindrocephala DC., Osmia Sch.Bip. , Heterolaena Sch.Bip. ex Benth. & Hook. f, Eupatorium L. sect. Osmia ( Sch.Bip. ) Benth. ex Baker, Eupatorium L. sect. Chromolaena ( DC.) Benth. ex Baker, Eupatorium L. sect. Heterolaena ( Sch.Bip. Ex Benth. & Hook.f. ) Baker. The last revision of the genus Chromolaena was in RM King & H. Robinson: Studies in the Eupatorieae (Compositae). XXIX. The genus Chromolaena, In: Phytologia, Volume 20, Issue 3, 1970, pp. 196-209.

The species were formerly included in genus Eupatorium L. in the section Chromolaena DC. provided. The genus belongs to the subtribe Chromolaena Praxelinae from the tribe Eupatorieae in the subfamily herbaceous within the family Asteraceae. The Chromolaena species do not belong to the genus Eupatorium, especially since they have several (at least four) rows of bracts and usually have three main veins on the leaf blade.

There are two subgenera: subg Chromolaena. Osmiella RMKing & H.Robinson and Chromolaena subg. Chromolaena.

In the genus Chromolaena there are 165-176 species:

  • Chromolaena adenolepis ( Sch.Bip. Ex Baker ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena alvimii R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena anachoretica ( BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena angusticeps ( Malme ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena aridicola V.M.Badillo
  • Chromolaena arnottiana ( Griseb. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena arrayana ( Gardner) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena ascending ( Sch.Bip. Ex Baker ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena asperrima ( Sch.Bip. Ex Baker ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena austera ( B.L.Rob. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena bahamensis R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena bangii ( Rusby ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena barbacensis ( Jerome, ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena barranquillensis ( Jerome, ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena barrosoae R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena bathyphlebia ( BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena beckii R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena bertholdii ( Sch.Bip. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena bigelovii ( A. Gray ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena borinquensis ( Britton ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena breedlovei R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena brunneola ( Baker) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena bullata ( Klatt ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena caaguazuensis ( Jerome, ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena caldensis ( BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena callilepis ( Sch.Bip. Ex Baker ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena campestris ( DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena chaseae ( B.L.Rob. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena christieana ( Baker) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena chrysosticta ( BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena cinereoviridis ( Sch.Bip. Ex Baker ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena collina ( DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena columbiana ( Heering ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena congesta ( Hook. & Arn. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena connivens ( Rusby ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena corymbosa ( Aubl. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena costatipes ( BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena Cryptantha ( Sch.Bip. Ex Baker ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena cylindrocephala ( Sch.Bip. Ex Baker ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena decumbens Gardner
  • Chromolaena densiflora ( Morong ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena desmocephala ( BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena diaphanophlebia ( BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena dussii ( Urb. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena elliptica ( Hook. & Arn. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena epaleacea Gardner
  • Chromolaena eripsima ( B.L.Rob. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena extensa ( Gardner) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena farinosa ( B.L.Rob. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena frustrata ( BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena gentianoides ( BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena geranifolia ( Urb. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena glaberrima ( DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena guiengolense ( L.Torres & Villaseñor ) BLTurner
  • Chromolaena guiengolensis ( L.Torres & Villaseñor ) BLTurner
  • Chromolaena haenkeana ( DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena haughtii ( B.L.Rob. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena herzogii ( B.L.Rob. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena heteroclinia ( Griseb. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena heterosquamea ( Urb. & Ekman ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena hirsuta ( Hook. & Arn. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena hookeriana ( Griseb. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena horminoides DC.
  • Chromolaena hypericifolia ( Kunth ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena hypodictya ( BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena impetiolaris ( Griseb. ) Nicolson
  • Chromolaena integrifolia ( Bertero ex Spreng. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena iridolepis ( BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena ivaefolia (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena ivifolia (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena jelskii ( Jerome, ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena kleinii ( Cabrera ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena laevigata ( Lam.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena larensis ( VMBadillo ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena latisquamulosa ( Jerome, ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena leivensis ( Jerome, ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena leptocephala ( DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena leucocephala Gardner
  • Chromolaena lilacina ( Jerome, ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena linearis ( Malme ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena lucayana ( Britton ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena lundellii R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena luqensis ( Chodat ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena luquensis ( Chodat ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena macrantha ( Sw. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena macrodon ( DC.) Nicolson
  • Chromolaena Mallota ( B.L.Rob. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena margaritensis ( Hassl. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena mattogrossensis ( Jerome, ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena maximilianii ( Schrad. ex DC. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena mendezii ( DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena meridensis ( BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena minasgeraesensis ( Jerome, ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena misella ( McVaugh ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena molina ( B.L.Rob. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena mononeura ( Urb. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena morii R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena moritensis ( Aristeg. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena moritziana ( Sch.Bip. Hieron ex. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena mucronata ( Gardner) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena multiflosculosa ( DC.) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena myriadenia R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena myriocephala ( Gardner) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena oinopolepis ( Malme ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena opadoclinia ( SFBlake ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena orbignyana ( Klatt ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena ortegae ( B.L.Rob. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena ossaeana ( DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena oteroi ( Monach. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena oxylepis ( DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena oyadensis ( Jerome, ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena palmar ( Sch.Bip. Ex Baker ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena paraguariensis ( Jerome, ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena parviceps ( Malme ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena pedalis ( Sch.Bip. Ex Baker ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena pedunculosa ( Hook. & Arn. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena Pellia ( Klatt ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena perforata ( Sch.Bip. Ex Baker ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena perglabra ( BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena perijaensis R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena persericea R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena pharcidodes ( BLRob. ex BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena picta ( Gardner) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena ponsiae V.M.Badillo
  • Chromolaena porophylloides ( BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena porphyrolepis ( Baker) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena pseudinsignis R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena pulchella ( Kunth ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena punctulata ( DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena pungens ( Gardner) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena quercetorum ( LOWilliams ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena revoluta ( Gardner) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena rhinanthacea ( DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena rigida ( Sw. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena rojasii ( Hassl. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena roseorum ( B.L.Rob. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena sagittata ( A. Gray ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena sagittifera ( BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena sanctopaulensis ( BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena santanensis ( Aristeg. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena scabra ( L. F. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena serratuloides ( Kunth ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena sinuata ( Lam.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena squalida ( DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena squarroso - ramosa ( Jerome, ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena squarrulosa ( Hook. & Arn. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena stachyophylla ( Spreng. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena steyermarkiana ( VMBadillo ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena stillingiaefolia ( DC.) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena subscandens ( Jerome, ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena suratensis ( BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena tacotana ( Klatt ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena tamaulipasensis ( RMKing & H.Rob. ) BLTurner
  • Chromolaena tequandamensis ( Jerome, ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena ternicapitulata Pruski
  • Chromolaena thurnii ( B.L.Rob. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena toldensis ( Jerome, ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena trigonocarpa ( Griseb. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena trujillensis ( BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena tunariensis ( Jerome, ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena tyleri ( B.L.Rob. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena ulei ( Jerome, ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena umbelliformis ( Dusen Dusen ex ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena uromenes ( B.L.Rob. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena uromeres ( B.L.Rob. ) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena urticoides ( Sch.Bip. Hieron ex. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena verbenacea ( DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena verticillata R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena vindex ( DC.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena voglii ( B.L.Rob. ) H.Huber
  • Chromolaena xalapana B.L.Turner
  • Chromolaena xestolepidoides ( Wurdack ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena xestolepis ( BLRob. ) RMKing & H.Rob.
  • Chromolaena xylorhiza ( Sch.Bip. Ex Baker ) RMKing & H.Rob.

Swell

  • Guy L. Nesom: Chromolaena, pp. 544 - text the same online as printed work: Tribe Eupatorieae, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 21 - Magnoliophyta: unranked ( in part ): Asteraceae, part 3, Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530565-5. . (Section Description and dissemination )
  • Yilin Chen, Takayuki Kawahara & DJ Nicholas Hind: Eupatorieae Tribus: Chromolaena, pp. 890 - text the same online as printed work, In: Wu Zheng - Yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Editor): Flora of China, Volume 20 - 21 - Asteraceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, November 12, 2011 ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 (Section Description and dissemination ).
Asteroideae Augustin Pyramus de Candolle Perennial plant Pappus (flower structure) Agricultural Research Service
191036
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