Chromolaena odorata

Chromolaena odorata

Chromolaena odorata is a species of the genus Chromolaena within the sunflower family ( Asteraceae). It is of course widespread in the Neotropics and in many tropical and subtropical areas, a neophyte. It is used as a medicinal plant.

• 2.1 Secondary metabolites

• 7.1 Notes and references

Description and ecology

Underground and above-ground appearance

Chromolaena odorata forms as outlasting tough, creeping rhizomes. When superficial root system, the thickened roots grow horizontally in the upper part and the massive tap roots go deep.

Chromolaena odorata grows as a shrub or perennial herbaceous plant, reaching heights of growth of usually 0.8 to 2.5, rarely up to 3 or very favorable conditions up to 8 meters. The usually only independently upright or later overhanging by increasing weight to prostrate or climbing stem axis are almost striped, short stiff or coarse hairs short. The Stems can become woody something after a while. The stable branches are often opposite, spread out and arranged horizontally or rarely alternate with an acute angle to the main stem axis. The branches are densely woolly hairy until just fluffy. Injured parts of plants, especially the leaves give off a pungent odor. During flowering and fruiting time growth stagnates and often wither during this time the leaves or even the stem axis. Soon after, new stem axis, branches and leaves are formed again.

Sheet

The oppositely arranged leaves are continually divided into petiole and leaf blade. The petiole is 5 to 20 mm long. The simple, relatively thick leaf blade is at a length of 3 to 10 cm and a width of 1 to 5 cm narrow - lanceolate to triangular- lanceolate or ovate - lanceolate, ovate or triangular with truncated or slightly heart-shaped Spreitenbasis and pointed top. The leaf margin is coarsely toothed or coarsely sparsely and irregularly notched up almost smooth or serrated on one side, it can also be a coarse tooth may be present or the leaf blade is three-lobed on each side. The leaf blades have three clearly identifiable main nerves and on the underside of leaves something sublime, fine lateral nerves. The lower leaf surface is bright and the green - top. Both leaf area are scaly, shaggy covered with red-brown glandular hairs, denser on the lower leaf surface and the leaf veins. The leaves just below the total inflorescence are smaller and usually entire.

Inflorescence, flowering and pollination

In Florida and Texas, the main flowering period extends from October to December, but Chromolaena odorata can bloom throughout the year; in China is the bloom between April and December. Chromolaena odorata can produce flowers in the first year. The thick 1 to 2 cm long inflorescence stem is covered with dense hair short fluffy. In lateral or terminal, simple or compound, schirmtraubigen total inflorescences are several to many (5 to 50 ) basket- shaped part inflorescences together. The inner regions of an inflorescence bloom a little earlier than the outer ones. The imbricate overlapping bracts are usually in four to six, rarely up to eight rows in together at a height of 7 to rare, usually 8 to 10 mm and a diameter of 4 to 5 mm cylindrical involucre. The outer hairy bracts are ovate with blunt upper end at a length of about 2 mm. The middle and inner bracts are straw-colored and with a length of 7 to 8 mm long with sharpened top end; they are broadly three annoying and without glands. In the inner bracts, the upper ends are often pressed, rounded to truncate, sometimes slightly whitish and enlarged.

In the flower heads only radiärsymmetrische tubular flowers are present, there are approximately 20 (10 to 35). The color of the petals is purple to pale blue, almost white or slightly pink. The five petals are fused into a cylindrical with a length of about 5 mm corolla tube that ends in five distinct Corolla lobe.

Pollination is by insects. Also apomictic fruit set occurs.

Fruit and spread

In China, the fruits ripen from April to December. The black or brown, elongated with a length of 3 to 5 mm, narrow edged achenes having five ribs. The achenes are pressed sparse along the ribs, white, short bristle. The pappus consists of about 40 thin, durable, 4-5 mm long bristles. The thousand grain weight of fresh achenes is 0.25 g The germination of fresh achenes is 33 to 66%; after two years to germinate up to 40 % of the achenes. The achenes are the diasporas and principal spread using the Pappus by the wind ( Anemochorie ), but also spread by animals and humans play a role ( Epichorie ).

Set of chromosomes

The basic chromosome numbers be x = 10, 16 have been identified sets of chromosomes with 2n = 40, 58, 60, 70.

Ingredients

Secondary metabolites

The following six metabolites were isolated from the roots of Chromoleana odorata: 15- angeloyloxy -16 ,17 -epoxy -19- kauronic acid, 16 - kaurene -19 - oic acid, 6'- hydroxy-2 ', 3 ', 4, 4'- tetramethoxychalcone, Isosakuranetin, acacetin, Kaempferide.

In methanolic extracts of Chromolaena odorata rutin was detected as a major flavonoid. Main flavonoid aglycones: quercetin methyl ether, quercetin -4'- methyl ether, quercetin -7, 4'- dimethyl ether, kaempferol -4'- methyl ether, naringenin -4'- methyl ether.

Use

Chromolaena odorata is cultivated as a medicinal plant, for example in India, Cambodia, Vietnam and Taiwan. In some countries, plant parts of Chromolaena odorata are used in folk medicine for the relief of very different diseases.

Extracts from the leaves of Chromolaena odorata are used for healing wounds of the skin. About the pharmakolischen effects there are recent scientific papers. Chromolaena odorata contains essential oils which have an antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Since Chromolaena odorata forms in a short time much plant mass it is used in orchards and fields as mulch and green manure. After Chromolaena odorata is grown on the surface, the structure of the pH value and the biological activity of the soil improvement. It may also reduce soil erosion. Disadvantage is the strong tendency to verunkrauten.

There are reports that the leaves are effective against nematodes, for example Heterodera marioni the cultivation of black pepper or the nematodes in the cultivation of sugar cane and tomatoes.

Occurrence and Ecophysiology

The wide natural neotropical butterfly from Florida and Texas over Mexico ( Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, southern Sonora, Tamaulipas, Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatan) and Central America ( Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama ) to South America ( French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Paraguay ) and on Caribbean islands (Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent and Grenadines, Virgin Islands). In Florida and Texas Chromolaena odorata thrives at altitudes between 0 and 30 meters.

In Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Fujian, Hainan, Yunnan, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines ) and other areas of the world (South Africa, Swaziland, Mauritius, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Guam, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, northern Mariana Islands, Palau ) is Chromolaena odorata, a neophyte, and is rated as an aggressive invasive plant.

Chromolaena odorata forms stocks in tropical and subtropical areas, exceed the annual precipitation of 1100 mm, sometimes they also come in areas with 700 mm rainfall total before. The drying times should be less than five months. It occurs between 30 ° N and 30 ° S latitude. Near the equator, they may rise to altitudes of 1000 meters, otherwise it grows at lower elevations. It occurs at temperatures between 20 ° and 37 ° C; Annual average temperatures between 25 and 30 ° C are the optimum. Natural habitats are located in open areas in tropical rain forests and on the banks of rivers; it also occurs in the transition areas between savanna and closed forest.

Chromolaena odorata is a pioneer plant. The succession is progressing rapidly, freedom, unshaded areas quickly dense stands are formed and then takes the stock slowly, it is closing the canopy. Chromolaena odorata growing in different soils, but grows best in well-drained ( drained ) soils. It does not thrive on sites with waterlogging or with high salt contents. By root symbiosis in the form of vesicular- arbuscular mycorrhizal they can colonize low-phosphorus soils. This heliophilous plant does not tolerate shade and grows best in open areas. It often grows in dense stands and prevents the emergence of other species, both by competition and by allelopathic effects. The ingredients are phenols and particularly alkaloids in leaves cause these allelopathic effects, inhibit the germination of seeds and the development of own seedlings of other species. If the stocks the stocks are dry to maintain a "feed" to fires in the wilderness. In order to establish themselves disturbed sites ( Ruderalstandort ) are required. On pastures, fallow land and on roadsides there are often stocks.

Although many pathogenic organisms and insects to Chromolaena odorata they hardly cause significant damage to her. Only the two neotropical, oligophagen insects Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata of the subfamily tiger moths ( Arctiinae ) and the seed- eating Apion brunneonigrum from the family of weevils ( Curculionidae ) cause major damage to Chromolaena odorata. Both types were in some African and Asian countries for the biological control of this aggressive " weed ", with varying degrees of success, are used.

System

The first publication was in 1759 under the name ( basionym ) Eupatorium odoratum by Carl Linnaeus in Systema Naturae, 10th edition, Volume 2, page 1205. Chromolaena odorata to the recombination (L.) RMKing & H.Rob. was founded in 1970 by Robert Merrill and King Harold Ernest Robinson in Studies in the Eupatorieae (Compositae). XXIX. . The genus Chromolaena, In: Phytologia, Volume 20, Issue 3, pp. 204 published. Next synonyms for Chromolaena odorata (L.) RMKing & H.Rob. are: Chromolaena farinosa ( B.L.Rob. ) R. M. King & H.Rob. , Eupatorium clematitis DC., Eupatorium conyzoides fo. angustiflorum Cuatrec. , Eupatorium conyzoides Mill, Eupatorium conyzoides floribunda var ( Kunth ) Hieron. , Eupatorium dichotomum Sch. Bip. , Eupatorium divergens Less., Eupatorium floribundum Kunth, Eupatorium graciliflorum DC., Eupatorium klattii Millsp. , Eupatorium odoratum var pauciflorum Hieron. , Osmia divergens Sch. Bip. , Osmia graciliflora Sch. Bip. , Osmia odorata (L.) Sch. Bip .. The specific epithet means odorata durftend.

Chromolaena odorata not belonging to the genus Eupatorium particularly because it includes a plurality of rows and husks three major nerve has on the lamina.

Chromolaena odorata belongs to the genus Chromolaena subg. Osmiella of the genus Chromolaena DC ..

From Chromolaena odorata two forms are recognized:

• Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. f odorata
• Chromolaena odorata f squarrosa S.Garg

Trivial names

Trivial names in some languages ​​are:

• Chamorro: masigsig, masigsig, kesengesil
• Chinese:飞机 草fei ji cao
• Chuukesisch: otuot
• English: bitter bush, butterfly weed, Christmas Bush, Chromolaena, devilweed, Hagonoy, Jack in the bush, paraffin -weed, Siam weed, Triffid weed, Chromolaena
• Filipino: agonoi, huluhagonoi, Hagonoy
• French: Fleurit -Noël, Herbe du Laos
• Kosraeanisch: mahsrihsrihk
• Palauan: kesengesil, ngesngesil
• Pohnpeanisch: masigsig, masikisik, wisolmat, wisolmat s rehnwel
• Spanish: chimuyo, crucito, hierba de chiva, paleca, rey del todo,
• Indonesian: Rumput loaded long, Rumput Golkar, Indonesian Rumput putih
• Afrikaans: paraffienbos
• German: Siamkraut
• Aztec: coacihuizpatli

Swell

• Guy L. Nesom: Chromolaena: Chromolaena odorata, pp. 545 - text the same online as printed work, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 21 - Magnoliophyta: unranked, part 8: Asteraceae, part 3 ( Heliantheae, Eupatorieae ), Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530565-5 (sections description and occurrence).
• Yilin Chen, Takayuki Kawahara & DJ Nicholas Hind: Tribe Eupatorieae, p 879: Chromolaena odorata, pp. 890 - text the same online as printed work, In: Wu Zheng - Yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (Editor): Flora of China, Volume 20-21 - Asteraceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, November 12, 2011 ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 (sections description and occurrence).