Daphne (plant)

Daphne × burkwoodii ( Daphne caucasica = × Daphne cneorum )

The plant genus daphne ( Daphne ) belongs to the family of Seidelbastgewächse ( Thymelaeaceae ). The genus includes about 70 to 92 species.

Daphne played a role in the early history of the paper. Another folkloric use has been recognized in Waldshut- Tiengen. Carters put daphne, which has been dedicated to the Assumption of Mary, to the hat for witches the wagon could not banish. Some species and varieties are often used as ornamental shrubs for natural gardens and parks.

  • 3.1 Types
  • 3.2 hybrids
  • 4.1 Literature
  • 4.2 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

The daphne species grow as deciduous or evergreen shrubs or subshrubs. The bark is hairy hairless or downy. The usually alternate, rarely opposite permanent leaves are stalked simple and short.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are usually in end- rare pendant, capitate, short racemose, paniculate inflorescences or aged men together. When Daphne mezereum the flowers are kauliflor. Some species are dioecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( dioecious ).

The hermaphrodite or unisexual flowers are four or fünfzählig. Almost always is a striking, clear flower cups ( hypanthium ) available. The four or five sepals are cylindrical, bell - to funnel-shaped overgrown with four or five upright or spreading calyx lobes, which are alternately larger and smaller. According to a second interpretation no calyx tube is present, but the flower cups Roehrig is designed to bell-shaped, and the sepals and stamens are inserted at its tip. This flower tube may be hairy or bald depending on the type. The colors of the sepals range from white to cream to yellow and pink. There are not formed petals. There are two circles, each with four or five stamens present, which are mutually free. The either short or missing stamens do not protrude from the calyx tube. The more or less sessile, ovate, upper permanent ovary is unilocular. The short style ends in a capitate stigma.

Fruit and seeds

The at maturity is usually red or yellow colored, one-seeded fruits are interpreted hard or dry and leathery berries or stone fruit; they are sometimes enveloped by the calyx. The seeds contain little or no endosperm and an embryo with two fleshy cotyledons ( cotyledons ). The seed coat ( testa) is crusty.

Toxicity

Mainly in the cortex is Daphnetoxin and contained in the seeds mezerein. A poison recording is possible in humans through the skin. In addition to an erosion of the skin leads to severe damage of the kidney, circulation and the central nervous system. A maximum of five berries produce only strong irritation. The consumption of ten berries may already be lethal for children.

Some birds, such as thrushes, are against the poisonous flesh apparently immune and spit the stone cores from again, they thereby contribute to dissemination.

Due to the toxic effect of daphne had no great importance in plant medicine with the exception of homeopathy. In England, the berries were used in diarrheal diseases of horses.

Systematics and distribution

They are widespread in Eurasia. 52 species occur in China.

The first publication of the genus name Daphne was in 1753 by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, 1, p 356 type species is Daphne laureola L.. Synonyms for Daphne L. are Farreria IBBalfour & WWSmith ex Farrer, Pentathymelaea Lecomte and L. Scopolia.

The botanical genus name Daphne is derived from the nymph Daphne. She was transformed by her father Peneus into a laurel tree to protect it Apollon before their pursuers. The leaves of some daphne species are similar to those of the laurel tree, so the genus was named Daphne.

Species

There are about 70 to 92 Daphne species ( selection):

  • Daphne acutiloba Rehder: The type grows in forests at altitudes 1400-3000 meters in Hubei, Sichuan and Yunnan.
  • Alps daphne ( Daphne alpina L.): It is found in southern Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor.
  • Altai daphne ( Daphne altaica Pall. ): It is found in Xinjiang, in northwestern Mongolia and Siberia.
  • Daphne angustiloba Rehder: This species grows in mountain forests at altitudes 3000-5000 meters in the southwestern and western Sichuan and Myanmar.
  • Sapling daphne ( Daphne arbuscula Čelak. ); this species occurs only in the central Slovakia on limestone rocks at altitudes 900-1300 m ago
  • Daphne arisanensis Hayata: This species grows in woods, only to Taiwan.
  • Daphne aurantiaca Diels: It grows in forests and on limestone rocks at altitudes 2600-3500 meters in the southwestern Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan.
  • Daphne axillary ( Merrill & Chun ) Chun & CFWei: This species grows in dense forests at altitudes between 600 and 900 meters in Hainan.
  • Daphne bholua Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don: It comes with two subspecies in Xizang as well as in northwestern Yunnan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar and Nepal before.
  • King daphne ( Daphne blagayana Freyer ): It is located on the Balkan Peninsula.
  • Daphne brevituba hfzhou ex CYChang: This endemic species thrives in open forests, planted with shrubs slopes and rocks at altitudes of about 2000 meters in the central and northwestern Yunnan ( Heqing, Yimen ).
  • Caucasian daphne ( Daphne caucasica Pall. ): It is native to the Caucasus and Asia Minor.
  • Daphne championii Bentham: This species grows in forests at elevations between 200 and 700 meters in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangsu and Jiangxi.
  • Daphne chingshuishaniana SSYing: This endemic species thrives in lined with shrubs slopes near the mountain summit at an altitude of about 2200 meters only in eastern Taiwan ( Hualian ).
  • Rosemary - daphne ( Daphne cneorum L.): He comes in Central Europe, in northwestern Spain, Italy and eastern Europe.
  • Daphne depauperata hfzhou ex CYChang: This species grows in dense forests at altitudes 2000-3200 meters in the western Yunnan.
  • Daphne emeiensis CYChang: This endemic species thrives in woodland at the edge of the forest at altitudes 800-1100 meters in Sichuan ( Emei Shan, Pingshan ).
  • Daphne erosiloba CYChang: This species grows on sunny slopes at altitudes 3200-3800 meters in the western Sichuan.
  • Daphne Esquirolii H.Léveillé: This species grows in valleys and on slopes at altitudes 700-2000 (rarely up to 3400) meters in the southwestern Sichuan and northeastern Yunnan.
  • Daphne feddei H.Léveillé: This species thrives in forests and shrubby slopes at altitudes 1800-2600 meters in Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan.
  • Daphne gemmata E.Pritzel: This species thrives at altitudes 400-1500 (rarely up to 1800) meters in the northwestern and western Sichuan and northern Yunnan.
  • Daphne genkwa sieve. & Zucc. , The wide distribution area is located in China, Taiwan and Korea.
  • Daphne giraldii Nitsche: This species grows on forest edges and open shrubby slopes at altitudes 1600-3100 meters in Gansu, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shanxi, Sichuan and Xinjiang.
  • Daphne glomerata Lam. The circulation area covers the north-eastern Turkey and the Caucasus.
  • Daphne gnidioides Jaub. & Spach: It is common in the northeastern Mediterranean.
  • Autumn daphne ( Daphne gnidium L.): It is found in the Canary Islands, North Africa, southern Europe and Asia Minor.
  • Daphne gracilis E.Pritzel; the species occurs in China ( Chongqing) at altitudes 1000-1300 meters before
  • Daphne grueningiana H.Winkler; the species occurs in China ( Anhui, Zhejiang) at altitudes between 300 and 400 meters in front of
  • Daphne hekouensis HWLi & YMShui: This type described in 2008 is endemic in Hekou in Yunnan, at an altitude of about 690 meters
  • Daphne holosericea ( Diels ) Hamaya the species occurs in China (Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan W ) before at altitudes 3000-3600 meters
  • Daphne involucrata Wall. ; the species occurs in Bhutan and India
  • Jasmin Similar daphne ( Daphne jasminea Sm ): He is based in Greece.
  • Northern Japanese daphne ( Daphne jezoensis Maxim, Syn. Daphne kamtschatica var jezoensis ( Maxim. ) Ohwi ): It is found on the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin and the Japanese Northern Isles
  • Daphne jinyunensis C.Y.Chang; the species occurs in China ( Chongqing)
  • Daphne jinzhaiensis D.C.Zhang & J.Z.Shao; the species occurs in China ( Anhui )
  • Daphne kamtschatica Maxim. , The species occurs in East Asia (Russia, Korea)
  • Daphne kiusiana Miq. The species is native to Japan.
  • Daphne laciniata Lecomte; the species occurs in China ( Yunnan ) in forests at altitudes between 1000 and 1500 meters before
  • Bay daphne ( Daphne laureola L.): The distribution area includes North Africa, the Mediterranean region, Western Europe and the Azores: Daphne laureola L. subsp. laureola
  • Daphne laureola subsp. philippii (. Gren. & Godr ) Rouy ( Syn: Daphne laureola var philippii ( Gren. & Godr ) Meisn, Daphne philippii Gren & Godr. .. . )

No longer belong to the genus:

  • Daphne gardneri Wall. → Edgeworthia gardneri ( wall. ) Meisn.
  • Daphne indica L. → Wikstroemia indica ( L.) CAMey.
  • Daphne squarrosa L. → Gnidia squarrosa (L.) Druce

Hybrids

There are a number of hybrids known ( selection):

  • Daphne × burkwoodii Turrill ( = D. caucasica × D. cneorum )
  • Daphne × napolitana Lodd. et al. ( = D. sericea × D. cneorum )
  • Daphne × houtteana Planch. ex Lindl. & Paxton ( = D. laureola × D. mezereum )
  • Daphne × hybrida J. Coville ex Sweet ( = D. collina × D. odora )
  • Daphne × transatlantica CD Brickell & AR White ( = D. collina × D. caucasica )

Documents

  • Yinzheng Wang, Michael G. Gilbert, Brian F. Mathew & Christopher Brickell: Daphne in the Flora of China, Volume 13, pp. 230: Online. (Section Description, distribution and systematics)
Ovary (botany) Berry Drupe testa (botany) Thrush (bird) Laurus nobilis Daphne sericea Caucasus Mountains Altai Mountains Tom Tutin Agricultural Research Service
217635
de