Ericaceae

Ears Heide ( Bruck Thalia spiculifolia )

The heather family ( Ericaceae ) form a family in the order of the heather -behaved ( Ericales ) within the angiosperms ( Magnoliopsida ). With about 126 genera and about 4000 species, they have a worldwide distribution. Species from this family are used as ornamental plants, food and medicines.

5.1 Literature
5.2 Notes and references

Description

In the now broad -based molecular genetic studies circumference of the family Ericaceae sl there are few morphological features that are common to all subfamilies. Especially the Monotropoideae deviate from the general characteristics of the family.

Vegetative characteristics

There are mostly woody plants: often evergreen or deciduous rarely, small trees (often heather -like = ericoid ) shrubs, rarely lianas or epiphytes. Less commonly, are herbaceous plants. The species of the subfamily Monotropoideae are fleshy, chlorophyll -less, mykotrophe plants. Some species form rhizomes, stolons or woody from the hypocotyl tubers, which can have up to 1 meter in diameter. Plant parts are often hairy with one to multicellular trichomes or scales, which can sometimes also be glandular. The Stems are winged, more or less pencil -shaped or sometimes significantly.

The leaves are arranged opposite one another and spiral or distichous, rarely opposite or whorled. Petioles are different or missing. The simple leaf blade is tiny and very large, leathery or herbaceous. The leaf margin is usually smooth or rolled, rarely toothed or notched. Young leaves often have a red color. Stipules absent.

Generative features

The flowers are individually rare, usually several in axillary or terminal, racemose, aged men, capitate, schirmtraubigen or paniculate inflorescences, which are often long drooping. There are durable or transient bracts and often two bracts per flower available. There are extra-floral nectaries rarely available.

It is usually a flower stalk available. The most scentless flowers are usually hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual functional. Only the species is dioecious Epigaea getrenntgeschlechtig ( dioecious ). The small to large flowers are usually fünfzählig ( three to siebenzählig ) and radial symmetry or, more rarely slightly zygomorphic mostly with double perianth. When Tribus Rhodoreae the flowers are zygomorphic (eg, some species of the genus Rhododendron ). There are usually five (four to seven), free or mostly intergrown sepals present. The most five (three to seven) petals are usually grown. Often a prominent, nectar -forming disk is available. There are usually two circles, each with four to five free, fertile stamens present. For example, only a circle with five obdiplostemonen stamens is present at Loiseleuria; at the Styphelioideae five, four or only two stamens are present. The same to unequal stamens are usually straight or rarely S-shaped, or with each other to grow together and it spurs can be formed. The anthers have pores. The pollen grains are usually summarized in tetrahedral tetrads, rarely individually. Most four or five (two to ten) carpels are fused to a syncarp, top - up inferior ovary. There are usually many, rarely only one anatrope to campylotrope ovules per ovary partition available. The style usually ends in a capitate, sometimes weakly lobed stigma.

Pollination is, with few exceptions in taxa with superior ovaries by insects ( bees often, entomophily ) and among taxa with inferior ovary by hummingbirds ( Ornithophilie ).

Are formed lokulizidale or septizidale capsule fruits, berries, drupes or rarely Nuts. Sometimes on the fruit still fleshy sepals present. Usually in each fruit seeds are many, at Gaylussacia only one per fruit tray available. The small, about 1 to 1.5 mm long seeds have wings or Bejaria appendage. The endosperm is fleshy, and the straight embryo usually white or sometimes green.

The base chromosome numbers amount to n = 6, 8, 11, 13, 19, 23

Ingredients

In many taxa are polyphenols: tannins (tannins ), flavonoids and phenolic Straight Side ( Phenolglykosiden, iridoids ), for example, arbutin, Pyrosid, Rhododendrin available. Often toxic diterpenes occur, for example Acetylandromedol through which the " Rhododendron honey " is toxic.

Ecology

One can find plant species of this family often at mineralstoffarmem, acid soil on which they receive the necessary nutrients with the help of endomycorrhizal ( symbiosis with soil fungi ).

Systematics and distribution

Plant species of this family are found almost worldwide. It will be settled out of the permafrost zone all climates and altitudes, so it is missing only on the Antarctic continent. Only a few species thrive in the tropical lowlands.

The Ericaceae family was first published in 1789 as " ericae " by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum, pp. 159-160. Type genus Erica L. Only synonyms for Ericaceae Juss. are: Vacciniaceae Lindl, Monotropaceae Nuttall, Pyrolaceae Dum, Siphonandraceae Klotzsch. ..

For a long time, the Ericaceae in the order of the Ericales Bercht. & J.Presl asked, which was extended by a few families in the past decade. Within the Ericales form the Ericaceae with the Clethraceae and Cyrillaceae a clade.

We divide the family of Ericaceae in eight subfamilies and a total of 24 tribes. In the family there are about 126 genera with about 4000 species.

Here is the complete breakdown of the family in subfamilies and tribes:

Subfamily Arbutoideae ( Meisn. ) Nied. Among the other subfamilies, it differs, largely due to the reduced number of ovules, here are just a few to a per ovary chamber. The change-constant leaves are not needle-like (not " erikoid " ) reduced. Are formed berries or drupes. With the only Tribus: Tribus Arbuteae Meisn. Genera with six.

Tribus Cassiopeae HTCox ex Stevens, with only one genus: Shed Gentiles ( Cassiope D. Don )

Enkiantheae Stevens, with only one genus: Enkianthus ( Enkianthus Lour. )

Tribus Bejarieae Copeland: The petals are free. The anthers have no horns ( appendage ). With three genera.
Tribus Empetreae D.Don: There are only two or three stamens and two carpels present. The anthers have no horns ( appendage ). Are formed drupes. With three genera.
Tribus Ericeae DC. ex Duby: dust bag, with or without two horns ( appendage ). With three genera.
Tribus Phyllodoceae Drude: There are five to ten stamens present. The anthers have no horns ( appendage ). Are formed capsule fruits. With seven genera.
Tribus Rhodoreae DC. ex Duby: There are 5 to 15 stamens present. The anthers have no horns ( appendage ). Are formed capsule fruits. With four genera.

Harrimanella Coville

Tribus Monotropeae Dum. Chlorophyll missing. With eight genera.
Tribus Pterosporeae Baillon: Chlorophyll is missing. With two genera.
Tribus Pyroleae Dum. It is chlorophyll available. With four genera.

Tribus Archerieae Crayn & Quinn: There are only five stamens present with short, straight filaments. With only one genus.
Tribus Cosmelieae Crayn & Quinn: There are only five stamens present. Are formed capsule fruits. With three genera.
Tribus Epacrideae Dum. There are only five stamens present. Are formed capsule fruits. With five genera.
Tribus Oligarrheneae Crayn & Quinn: There are only two or four stamens present. The stems are short. Are formed drupes. With two genera.
Tribus Prionoteae Drude: There are only five stamens present with long stamens. With two genera.
Tribus Richeeae Crayn & Quinn: There are only five stamens present. The kopfige scar is small. Are formed capsule fruits. With three genera.
Tribus Styphelieae Bartl. There are only five stamens present. It formed brightly colored drupes. With 19 genera.

Tribus Andromedeae Klotzsch: There are formed capsule fruits. With two genera.
Tribus Gaultherieae Nied. Capsule are formed fruits or berries. With ten genera.
Tribus Lyonieae Kron & Judd are formed capsule fruits. With four genera.
Tribus Oxydendreae Cox, with only one genus: Oxydendrum DC:. Offering the only way Sauer Tree ( Oxydendrum arboreum (L. ) DC. ). It is a deciduous tree that forms capsule fruits.

The following table provides the complete genre list in accordance with GRIN indication of belonging to subfamily and tribe is; also the approximate number of species and their distribution:

Use

Many species and their varieties are used as ornamental plants in parks, gardens and buildings. The fruits of some species are eaten.

Many types of medical effects have been investigated. There are, for example, drugs of Arctostaphylos uva- ursi ( Uvae -ursi folium - bearberry leaves), Vaccinium myrtillus ( Myrtilli fructus - blueberries fruits) and Vaccinium vitis- idaea (Vitis ideae folium - Cranberries leaves ) were used.

Swell

Description, systematics and distribution maps of the Ericaceae and all subfamilies in the APWebsite family. ( Section systematics and description)
Mingyuan Fang, Fang Ruizheng, Mingyou Hey, Linzheng Hu, Hanbi Yang, Haining Qin, Tianlu Min, David F. Chamberlain, Peter Stevens, Gary D. Wallace & Arne Anderberg: Ericaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 14, pp. 242: Online. ( Section systematics and description)
Gordon C. Tucker: Ericaceae in the Flora of North America, Volume 8, page 370: Online. ( Section systematics and description)
The Ericaceae without the Monotropoideae at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz family. (English )
James L. Paola Pedraza - Peñalosa & Luteyn: Neotropical Blueberries - The Plant Family Ericaceae: website of the New York Botanical Garden.
Kathleen A. Kron & James L. Luteyn: Origins and biogeographic patterns in Ericaceae. New insights from recent phylogenetic Analyses in Biologiske Skrifter, 55, 2005, pp. 479-500.
James L. Luteyn & Robert L. Wilbur: Flora costaricensis: Family # 172 Ericaceae, in Fieldiana Botany, 45, 2005 p 1-104: Online.

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