Flint mine
However, a flint mine is deepened into the ground shaft, usually a series of shafts and tunnels, where flint was recovered.
Flint mines are already in the Paleolithic era. The oldest form of degradation is the occasional use of mines. Small working teams go to flint mines to win the raw material for the production of equipment. The occasional use of flint mines was in many parts of North America even in historical times usual, they can still be found today in New Guinea. In the Neolithic period, especially since the Michel Berger culture, flint mining takes manifest in greater proportions.
Chronology
The oldest mining periodic reduction of flint can be covered in about two meters deep pits on the reference Nazlet Khater 4 ( Upper Egypt ). He was held at 35000-30000 BC by radiocarbon dates. The oldest flint mining in Europe is from about 13,000 BC is in Poland, where people dug leading layer in pits down to the flint. Not far from Askola in southern Finland was reduced by 7500 BC fire stone in a quarry. The oldest mining in Germany has been determined by the excavation from 1984 to 1987 in Arnhofen ( Abensberg ) on the Franconian Alb, where also is the largest area in Central Europe. A total of at least 8,000 wells are in Arnhofen created and about 90 tons of flint were recovered. The typical Arnhofer flint, graugebändert with reddish stripes, immersed in settlements of the 5th millennium. The mines of Rijckholt at Maastricht in Limburg (3000 BC) has approximately 5,000 manholes. From the number and size of the tunnel shows that here around 41,250 m³ flint nodules were promoted over time.
In the late Mesolithic flint mining took Admittedly, however, the majority of mines were created in the Neolithic period. The farmers of Neolithic flint tools used much more.
Method
Under mining refers to all scheduled work for the exploration, extraction, production and processing of flint found in deposits. He was everywhere possible where flint -bearing strata came close to the surface. The need of large amounts could only be met by mining method in which a distinction is made between open pit and underground construction.
Open-cast mining
A precursor of the pit is simply picking up of flint nodules or plates on the surface.
As Gräberei refers to the breakdown of flint, which lies just below the surface. The degradation was carried out by covering the top layer. In this way, especially the beach ridges in Denmark were used.
When Kuhlenbau round or square, about man deep holes were drilled down to the flint deposit. The base of the excavation was about four square meters. In layers with low reliability, the pit could be abgeböscht funnel-shaped. So could be a twelve feet below the surface of the shaft has a diameter of twelve meters and at the bottom have a three meter.
The Pingenbau ( funnel- shaped depression ) is performed on the leading flint layer, but the daily opening is widened in order to continue the production of flint can after depletion of sole. The original cross section of about four square meters area could develop into a grave -like Ping for ten meters or more and got the character of a quarry.
Deep mining
In deep mining, a distinction the Duckelbau and Weitungsbau.
Duckelbau
The simpler and more common method is to drill a shaft to the flint layer and extend radially to the sole. These dilatations are often irregular and very small, but can be several meters long. Discontinued cavities were filled with overburden material. So you saved the removal and reduced the danger of collapse.
Weitungsbau
The Weitungsbau is an advanced construction methods with multiple shafts and an intricate cave room system that allows an expansion of the mine field. From the shaft distances were ( was mined from which ) driven with a width of 0.60 to 1.0 m and an average height of 80 cm at the level of the layer in all directions and expanded. There is no evidence of a shaft lining by means of formwork.
Well-known flint mines
- Belgium The archaeological site at Spiennes ( Michel Berger culture ) in Belgium is one of the largest in Central Europe with 100 ha and at least 8,000 wells.
- Also in Jandrain - Jandrenouille flint mining was carried out.
- Hov
- Lengfeld in the district of Kelheim.
- Abensberg - Arnhofen.
- Asch on the Swabian Alb.
- Kleinkems, HornsteinKleinkems in the district of Lörrach.
- Lousberg in Aachen.
- At Bottmersdorf near Magdeburg.
- Osterberg at Pfünz.
- On the island of Rügen, the exposed flint fields are (2000 × 200 m) between Mukran and Prora.
- Shear field at Eichstätt.
- Flint mines of Bretteville -le- Rabet.
- Jablines ( Michel Berger culture)
- Le Grand- Pressigny ( Bell Beaker Culture )
- Grimes Graves at Thetford in Norfolk, eastern England, where the shafts go 12 meters into the chalk rock.
- Church Hill and Cissbury in West Sussex.
- Rijckholt - Sint- Geertruid mines ( Michel Berger culture).
- Wall Antonshöhe in Lower Austria.
- " At the flint " in Kleinwalsertal (Vorarlberg).
- In Krzemionki more than 3000 up to nine meters deep shafts were driven into the ground in the course of 2300 years.
- At the Lägeren between Wettingen and rain mountain.
- In the canton of Jura in Löwenburg JU / Pleigne.
- Tata
- Szentgál, radiolarite