Fosterella

Fosterella rusbyi ( Syn: Fosterella elata )

Fosterella is a plant genus in the subfamily Pitcairnioideae within the family Bromeliaceae ( Bromeliaceae ). The genus includes about 30 species today. In private collections, they are rare, although some species are easy to maintain, but most botanical gardens show some species. About other uses by humans is not known.

Description

Habit and foliage leaves

The Fosterella species grow as evergreen mesophytic to xerophytic perennial herbaceous plants. The root system is well developed and is used to hold water and nutrients. The Stems are usually compressed, only a few species form a short stem (only for Fosterella caulescens, Fosterella cotacajensis, Fosterella heterophylla, Fosterella rexiae and Fosterella weddelliana ) from. They thrive terrestrial or lithophytic ( directly on rocks ). During the few years of vegetative stage, the plants remain low in the flowering stage, they reach heights of growth from 25 to 200 cm. All species are not hardy. With renewal buds Kindel be formed, thus enabling vegetative propagation.

The change-constant leaves are often in rosettes at the upset Sprossachse together and are often flat on the floor, but do not form cisterns, that is not the typical habit of many bromeliads species. Rarely the leaves are spirally distributed to the non-upset shoot axis. The leaves are 1-7 cm wide and up to 100 cm long. The leaf blades are usually linear to lanceolate and in some species they are more or less narrowed at the base. The leaf margin is usually smooth, but in some species it is perforated at the leaf base. In some species, a water storage tissue is formed. The leaf areas have particularly on the underside usually shield-shaped, only three types of stellate trichomes.

Inflorescences and flowers

The terminal, thin, often relatively long inflorescence stem is hairy and often has foliage leaf-like green bracts that rexiae only Fosterella and Fosterella weddelliana serrated otherwise have smooth edges. The rarely simple, usually loosely branched inflorescences are paniculate from mostly racemose rare, einseitswendigen or composed spreading part inflorescences. The partial inflorescences contain small hub and shroud leaves and some to many stalked, nodding or upright flowers.

The usually relatively small (usually about 1 cm), inconspicuous flowers have a double perianth. The hermaphrodite, threefold flowers are more or less radial symmetry. The three free sepals are usually green and shorter than the petals. The free petals are usually white to off-white, only Fosterella gracilis they are yellow and red in Fosterella spectabilis. The petals have no scales at the base ( ligule ). The petals are erect depending on species and more or less straight ( Fosterella floridensis ) to bent back ( Fosterella penduliflora ) or curl up uhrfederartig a ( Fosterella albicans). There are two circuits, each with three free stamens are provided which are sometimes bent. The initially straight dust bag roll a somewhat later. The three carpels are fused into a semi- inferior ovary. The scar is usually easy to erect, rarely spirally twisted. Pollination is mostly by insects.

The flowers formula is:

Fruit and seeds

It can be formed with many seeds globular dreiklappige capsule fruits. The 3 to 5 mm tiny, narrow seeds are two appendages airworthy ( Anemochorie ), but they fly probably not far away.

Metabolism and chromosome number

There is C3 photosynthesis and CAM do not like the most closely related Deuterocohnia, Dyckia and Encholirium. The chromosome number is usually x = 25, in which polyploidy is not uncommon.

Dissemination

The site genus Fosterella is disjoint. Most species are native to central South America. Only Fosterella micrantha is isolated in Central America from southern Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador before. With the northern Brazilian state of Pará Fosterella batistana also has an isolated area. The center of diversity is in Bolivia in the Yungas montane rain forests of the department of La Paz In addition, one finds species in Peru ( Fosterella aletroides ), Paraguay ( Fosterella rojasii ) or Brazil (eg Fosterella hatschbachii and Fosterella windischii ). The origin of the genus is probably in the lowland on the Precambrian Shield Guiana. Through distance propagation reached some species in the Andes and a kind to Central America. Many species are Lokalendemiten with island-like deposits, for example in innerandinen dry valleys.

They thrive in semi-humid to arid areas.

System

The genus Fosterella was erected in 1960 by Lyman Bradford Smith in Phytologia, 7, p 171. Type species of the genus is Fosterella micrantha ( Lindl. ) LBSm. , Originally as Pitcairnia micrantha Lindl. in Edward's bot Reg, 29, misc. 44, was described in 1843. The genus was named after the American gardeners and collectors Mulford Bateman Foster (1888-1978), who asked Lyman B. Smith for many kinds of new taxa available. Since the last update of the genus by Lyman B. Smith and RJ Downs (1974-1977) in the flora Neotropica in which 13 species are listed, many new species have been described, and the number has now grown to 30. Most species are rare and often Lokalendemiten and so it is likely that a number of species still waiting to be discovered and description. A DFG project Systematics and phylogeny of Fosterella ( Bromeliaceae ) (Pierre Ibisch, Georg Zizka, Roberto Vasquez, Kurt Weising 2002-2007 ) had a revision of the genus to the target. In addition to several other publications of the dissertation by Martina Rex collects information from 2007 to the genus. To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships, molecular genetic studies ( AFLP, RAPD, chloroplast DNA ) were carried out. The monophyletic genus Fosterella remains so far as one of six genera in the subfamily Pitcairnioideae s.str ..

A synonym for Fosterella L.B.Sm. is Fosterelia Airy Shaw, nom. inval ..

Today, 31 species belong to the genus Fosterella (as of 2009 according to Jule Peters):

  • Fosterella albicans ( Griseb. ) LBSmith ( Syn: Fosterella fuentesii Ibisch, R.Vásquez & E.Gross )
  • Fosterella aletroides ( L.B.Smith ) L.B.Smith
  • Fosterella batistana Ibisch, Leme & J.Peters
  • Fosterella caulescens roughness
  • Fosterella chaparensis Ibisch, R.Vásquez & E.Gross
  • Fosterella cotacajensis Kessler, Ibisch & E.Gross
  • Fosterella Christophii Ibisch, R.Vásquez & J.Peters
  • Fosterella elviragrossiae Ibisch, R.Vásquez & J.Peters
  • Fosterella floridensis Ibisch, R.Vásquez & E.Gross
  • Fosterella gracilis ( Rusby ) L.B.Smith
  • Fosterella graminea ( L.B.Smith ) L.B.Smith
  • Fosterella hatschbachii L.B.Smith & R.W.Read
  • Fosterella heterophylla roughness
  • Fosterella kroemeri Ibisch, R.Vásquez & J.Peters
  • Fosterella micrantha ( Lindl. ) L.B.Smith
  • Fosterella nico liana J.Peters & Ibisch: This differs in fruit and form of seeds from all other species. It is resident in the Peruvian Amazon.
  • Fosterella pearcei ( Baker) L.B.Smith
  • Fosterella penduliflora ( CHWright ) LBSmith ( Syn: Fosterella Chiquitana Ibisch, R.Vásquez & E.Gross, Fosterella latifolia Ibisch, R.Vásquez & E.Gross )
  • Fosterella petiolata ( Mez ) L.B.Smith
  • Fosterella rexiae Ibisch, R.Vásquez & E.Gross
  • Fosterella robertreadii Ibisch & J.Peters
  • Fosterella rojasii ( L.B.Smith ) L.B.Smith
  • Fosterella rusbyi ( Mez ) LBSmith ( Syn: Fosterella elata H.Luther )
  • Fosterella schidosperma ( Baker) L.B.Smith
  • Fosterella spectabilis H.Luther
  • Fosterella vasquezii E.Gross & Ibisch
  • Fosterella villosula ( Harms ) L.B.Smith
  • Fosterella weberbaueri ( Mez ) LBSmith ( Syn: Fosterella schidosperma vestita var LBSmith & RWRead )
  • Fosterella weddelliana ( Brongniart ex Baker ) LBSmith ( Syn: Fosterella nowickii Ibisch, R.Vásquez & E.Gross )
  • Fosterella windischii L.B.Smith & R.W.Read
  • Fosterella yuvinkae Ibisch, R.Vásquez, E.Gross & S.Reichle

Swell

  • Jule Peters: dissertation in the Department of Natural Sciences at the University of Kassel: Revision of the genus Fosterella ( Bromeliaceae ), 2009: Online. (Section Description, distribution and systematics, PDF, 16.0 MB)
  • Martina Rex: dissertation in the Department of Natural Sciences at the University of Kassel: Molecular studies on the phylogeny of the genus Fosterella ( Bromeliaceae ), 2007: Online. (Section Description, distribution and systematics, PDF, 3.4 MB)
  • Werner Rauh: Bromeliads - Tillandsias and other cultural worthy bromeliads, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8001-6371-3 ( section description)
  • Harry E. Luther: An Alphabetical List of Bromeliad Binomials, 2008 The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, Sarasota, Florida, USA. Published by The Bromeliad Society International. (PDF file, 314 kB ) (Section systematics)
  • LB Smith & Robert Jack Downs: Flora Neotropica, Monograph 14, Part 1, Pitcairnioideae ( Bromeliaceae ), Hafner Press, New York, 1974, pp. 199-209. ISBN 0-89327-303-1 ( section description)
  • Jason R. Grant: An annotated catalog of the generic names of the Bromeliaceae, 1998: Online - About the names of the genera of the Bromeliaceae. ( Section systematics)
Perennial plant Hardiness (plants) Ovary (botany) Seed dispersal#Wind C3 carbon fixation Disjunct distribution La Paz Department (Bolivia) Desert climate August Grisebach
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