Hall

A hall is in the architecture of a large room, usually with more than one storey height and mainly special function - within a building or a community. The hall can subordinate part of a building complex (eg Reception ) or essential part of ( market hall, assembly hall ). The place of assembly in public space (modern ) Hall takes over the function of the ancient Agora.

  • 3.1 factory or industrial building
  • 3.2 Warehouse
  • 4.1 Market Hall
  • 4.2 Event Hall
  • 4.3 sports halls
  • 4.4 concourse
  • 4.5 Halls for electrical installations

Building types

According to their function different building types can be distinguished:

  • Distribution, lobby or concourse ( foyer ) to the horizontal development of a building (see museums and train stations)
  • Stair hall to the vertical development of a building ( s judicial and administrative building)
  • Urban and community halls to the meeting of citizens at events usually in the form of multi-purpose halls (with or without seating, and divisible )
  • Temporary fixed and fair halls are mostly temporary structures that will be dismantled after each event (see Oktoberfest ).
  • Sports halls and Schulaulen be prepared with moveable or fixed grandstand seating / stage and necessary utility rooms.
  • Congress and legislative halls ( halls) are mostly like theater or cinema with fixed ranks and rows of seating with chairs.
  • Glass halls consist mainly in their outer skin of transparent surfaces (see Botanical Gardens, Cargolifterhalle Tropical Iceland in Brandt in Berlin)
  • Church halls are a special type of assembly hall with fixed seating.
  • Market and supermarkets serve the weatherproof settlement of purchase transactions usually set up with display tables, counters or stalls between development programs.
  • Assembly factory and warehouses, according to the Assembly not serve their purpose in itself, but the production or storage of objects.

Construction and interior design of the relevant halls can claim according to their purpose and very different, as are the materials used, and the technical installations (heating, lighting, etc. ).

Even an open or semi- open building or part of a building which only offers protection from rain and sun, may be a hall. Here are the terms Wandelhalle ( stoa, portico ) and the porch to call. In England, the main room of the house hall, so called hall. Of these, the term lobby is derived.

Architectural History

Since it requires more design effort to cover larger rooms with floor spans, halls were originally reserved for building complexes with special function, such as temples, palaces and monasteries. In order to achieve a greater impression of space were first porticoes (see naves ) built.

As an example of an ancient hall, the imperial palace hall can serve in Trier: The column-free already Constantine Basilica (it was later converted to the church and only because of their rank as a basilica called although it does not match the type of building a basilica ). It is the largest still existing enclosed space of antiquity.

With industrialization began in Europe the great period of hangars, especially as the end points of the newly formed rail lines. 1880, the then largest hall design with iron trusses was opened to the hall of the pickup station at Askanische Platz in Berlin.

Hall House

It is a house that consists of a large room substantially. Show floor findings that even Old Saxons and Lombards inhabited hall houses in the Elbe area. Specifically, a hall house is a specialized hall building. This is the name given to the arisen in the Middle Ages " single-room " in the North and Baltic Sea between the Netherlands and the Gulf of Gdansk, where the mountain range formed the southern boundary line. It still dominates the appearance of many villages of the aforementioned space.

This construction of agricultural farms is popularly known as " Lower House " or as " Low German hall house". Am often richly decorated half- timbered gable of a barn leads into the spacious main room (the " hall " or low German " Deele " ) so that you could go into the hay wagon. On both sides of crates were for the cattle, and in the middle there was a hatch to loft. At the end of the hall, two side doors are the transverse axis of the house. Here was located in the middle of a transverse wall the fireplace. Prior to that, and open to the entrance hall, was the central living and working space of the farmer's family, the " Flett ". In the rear area, there was the parlor and sleeping chambers and alcoves.

The great advantage of this type of house was that the cattle with his body heat to heat the dwelling contributed in winter. However, the Flett was poorly lit and marked by the exhalations of animals - and smoky, because originally had fireplaces no chimney, but the flue took through the thatched roof.

Hall church

Next to the basilica hall churches form the main type in the medieval religious building in Europe. In the Romanesque churches there are low with approximately the same high naves and a simple gable roof. Also in the Gothic period the ships are equally high, it creates a uniform space with a calm and clear spatial effect. The strong orientation (horizontal and vertical) of the Basilica is reduced in favor of a clear, simple large room.

Modern warehouses

With the Industrial Revolution the building type of the hall was fundamentally changed. The development of structural steel and reinforced concrete construction and the application of truss structures with these materials made ​​it possible to create large column-free spaces.

An impressive example of a glass and steel construction hall was the Crystal Palace at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851.

Factory or industrial building

For the fabrication of mechanically produced products since the 18th century, larger facilities in factory buildings were needed. The Fagus Factory of architect Walter Gropius in Alfeld (Leine) 1911, a model of a modern industrial building. The AEG turbine building in Berlin by Peter Behrens ( 1909) set the standard for the definition of the architectural type " hall ".

The largest venues are the assembly halls of the shipyards, aircraft manufacturers and NASA. They are also called hangar.

The industrial and commercial areas of our cities are characterized by various types of commercial and warehouses, which are often built with standardized prefabricated components. (see also production hall )

Warehouse

They are used for storage of raw materials and goods of all kinds in the modern logistics conveniently located sites for trucking companies play a business role. A special form is the fully automated high-bay warehouse.

Examples

Covered market

Markets were ( just the market) or held in the Middle Ages and the early modern period, either in the open basement of City Hall, in a purpose-built open truss structure, so-called Schmetterhäusern. Some important preserved buildings from this time are still to be found in Brittany.

Since the beginning of industrialization in the 18th century markets for hygiene reasons are held in fixed hall buildings. The first Berlin market hall was built in 1865 to 1867 as the first market hall in Berlin and already closed a few years later and later used as a theater. End of the 19th century market hall building program for all districts in Berlin was initiated by the City Council of Berlin. The best example of this was the former freestanding Market Hall V on the Magdeburg in Berlin- Tiergarten. Well-known examples are:

Germany:

  • City Market Augsburg
  • Different market venues in Berlin
  • Market Hall Chemnitz
  • Kleinmarkthalle Frankfurt
  • Deichtorhallen, Hamburg
  • Markthalle Hannover
  • Market Hall Kassel
  • Great Market Hall Leipzig
  • Central Market Hall Leipzig
  • Great Market Hall Munich
  • Schrannenhalle Munich
  • Market Hall Sonthofen
  • Market Hall Stuttgart

International:

  • Athens Market Hall, Greece
  • Markthalle Basel, Switzerland
  • Great Market Hall, Budapest, Hungary
  • Östermalmshalle of 1888 in Stockholm ( Sweden)
  • Mercat de la Boqueria in Barcelona ( Spain)
  • Forum des Halles in Paris
  • Central Market Riga ( Latvia)
  • Basmanny Market Hall, Moscow

Austria:

  • Market Hall (Linz), Austria
  • Phorushalle (Vienna), Austria
  • Market Hall Nußdorferstraße Vienna, Austria
  • Zedlitzhalle Vienna, Austria
  • Market Hall Stadiongasse Vienna, Austria

A special form of the market hall are great market halls which are used to supply regional bulk consumers and retailers with fresh produce.

Banquet Hall

As an event hall or multi-purpose hall and multi-purpose hall is called a hall, in which a large number of people takes place at concerts or sporting events. These halls are covered, but not necessarily air-conditioned. They can be used in different ways by the floor covering, inter alia, suitable in various levels eg for football, indoor sports, hockey. The current trend in the naming of large multi-purpose halls, the use of Arena - Rare Dome - along with the name of a company that acts as sponsor in relation to investment or upkeep of the hall.

Examples of multi-purpose halls are:

  • In Germany: Anhalt Arena in Dessau until 3700 places 2002
  • Arena Leipzig in Leipzig, 12,000 seats, 2002
  • Nuremberg Arena, Nuremberg, 10,200 seats, 2001
  • Artland Arena, Quake Brück, 3000 places 2003
  • Baden Arena in Offenburg, 9,600 places in 2005
  • Box Allgäu in Kempten ( Allgäu), up to 9,000 places in 2003
  • Stadthalle Bremen (Bremen - Arena), Bremen, 14,000 seats, 2005
  • Burg-Wächter Castello in Dusseldorf, 3670-4850 Courts, 2005
  • Conlog Arena, Koblenz, 5,000 seats, 1992
  • Columbia Halle, Berlin, 3500 places 1998
  • Deichtorhallen, Hamburg, 1911 - built in 1914 as a market hall, 1989 Art Exhibition Halls
  • Germany Halle, Berlin, 10,000-16,000 courts, 1935-2011
  • DM- Arena, Karlsruhe, 14,000 seats, 2003
  • Esprit Arena (formerly LTU Arena) in Dusseldorf, 51,500 seats, 2004
  • EWE Arena, Oldenburg, 2300-4100 Courts, 2005; 4200-8000 courses, 2013
  • Festhalle, Frankfurt am Main, 9,843 seats, interior with 13,000 seats, 1908
  • Flensburg Arena, Flensburg, 6500 places 2002
  • Freedom hall, courtyard, 2500-2800 Seats 1974
  • Friedrich- Ebert-Halle, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 3,000 Seats in 1965
  • Grohe forum Hemer, 2,500 places in the interior, 8,000 places for open -air events, 2010
  • Great Hall, Berlin, not executed project 150000-180000 people
  • Grugahalle, eating, seating 7,700 or 10,000 standing places, 1958
  • Hanns -Martin- Schleyer-Halle, Stuttgart 1983, restructuring in 2006, 15,500 places
  • ISS Dome in Dusseldorf, 12500-13400 courts, 2006
  • Centennial Hall, Frankfurt am Main Unterliederbach, 1965
  • Royal Palace, Krefeld, 9500-11000 courts, 2004
  • König-Pilsener- Arena, Oberhausen, 13,000 seats, 1996
  • Convention Center, Fulda, Esperantohalle 3,500 seats, multi-function hall 600 seats or 800 standing room ( m² in winter ice rink 800 ), 2005
  • Songs Hall, Stuttgart, to 2,100 seats, Culture and Convention Centre, 1956
  • Lanxess Arena (formerly Cologne Arena), Cologne, 18000-20000 seats 1998
  • Rosengarten in Mannheim, Mannheim, 5600 places, 1903
  • Max -Schmeling- Halle, Berlin, 8500-11900 courts, 1996
  • Exhibition Hall 2 in Freiburg im Breisgau, 10,000 seats, 2000
  • MHPArena in Ludwigsburg, 5325-7201 sitting and standing, 2009
  • Muffatwerk, Munich, over 3,000 seats, built in 1837, 1992 - '93 converted to the meeting hall
  • Olympiahalle, Munich, 12150-14000 courts, 1971
  • O2 World Berlin, 14500-17000 courts, 2008
  • O2 World Hamburg (formerly Color Line Arena) Hamburg, 16,000 seats, 2002
  • Philips Halle, Dusseldorf, 3950-7000 Courts, 1971
  • Porsche - Arena, Stuttgart ( common foyer with the Hanns -Martin- Schleyer- Halle), 7500 courses, 2006
  • Ratiopharm Arena, Ulm / Neu- Ulm, 6745-9000 places, 2011
  • Pied - Hall, Hameln, 2,800 places in 1988
  • Rhein- Mosel-Halle, Koblenz, 1962
  • Rittal Arena Wetzlar, 6,500 places in 2004
  • Rothaus Arena in Freiburg im Breisgau, 9000 places 2006
  • Roth Brook Hall in Kassel, 5,000 seats, 2007
  • SAP Arena, Mannheim, 15,000 seats, 2005
  • Black Forest Hall, Karlsruhe, almost 5,000 seats,
  • Sparkassen-Arena (formerly Baltic Hall ), Kiel, since 2001 10000-13000 courts, 1951
  • Sports Böblingen, 6,500 seats, 1966, 2008 demolished
  • Stechert Arena in Bamberg, to 10,000 seats, 2006
  • TonHalle (Munich ), Munich, up to 2175 seats, 2004
  • TUI Arena, Hannover, 14,000 seats, 2000
  • Veltins- Arena, Gelsenkirchen, to 79,000 seats, 2001
  • Volkswagen Halle, Braunschweig, 8000 places 2000
  • Westfalenhalle 1 Dortmund, 14,000 seats, 1952
  • Zenith (München), Munich, 6,000 seats, built in 1918
  • Austria: Olympiahalle Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 7800 places, 1964 - Renovation and add. Hall with 3,200 seats, 2005
  • Salzburg Arena, Salzburg, 6,700 places
  • Stadthalle Graz, Graz, 1000-11030 courts, 2002
  • Wiener Stadthalle, Vienna, 3000-16000 seats, 1958

Also halls are great meeting halls where except fairs can take place in another sporting, artistic and social events. Examples are:

  • The halls of the Frankfurt Messe
  • The exhibition halls of the Hannover Fair, known from the Expo 2000
  • The new Cologne fair in Cologne
  • The " Frankenhalle " the Nuremberg trade fair
  • New Exhibition in Leipzig
  • Room 1 of the ICC in Berlin
  • Messe Wien
  • Westfalenhalle Dortmund

Sports halls

Gym, indoor riding arena, indoor pool, indoor climbing

Concourse

See concourse. Examples:

  • In the main railway station of Leipzig
  • In the central station of Stuttgart
  • In Berlin Central Station
  • In Munich Central Station

Halls for electrical installations

In cities there are transformer and switching stations usually for aesthetic reasons mostly in halls. The power converter of HVDC systems are mostly accommodated in special converter halls. In power plants, the turbines and generators are located in the turbine hall, which may take a considerable length of some power plants in Eastern Europe ( as is the turbine hall of the former nuclear power plant Lubmin about 1 kilometer long). Some hydropower plants, the turbine hall is located underground. Transducer for the electromechanical conversion of electric energy, for example in Bahnstromumformerwerken are also located in hangars.

Conversion of old warehouses

With the structural changes in the economy and industry in recent decades many empty factory, industrial or warehouses were being converted to event halls.

Records

The world 's largest hall ( by surface area and volume) is the Boeing Everett Factory aircraft manufacturer Boeing in Everett (USA ), in which, inter alia, the Boeing 747 will be built. There is 39,8 hectares or 13.3 million cubic meters in size.

The largest self-supporting hall in the world is the Aerium, which was originally built for the Cargo Lifter AG as a hangar for airships and is now home to the amusement park Tropical Islands. This plastic coated building is 360 meters long, 210 meters wide, 107 meters high and encloses 5.5 million cubic meters.

Municipality France Santander, Spain Ilmenau Classical antiquity Gdańsk Bay Romanesque art Gothic art Good (economics) Les Halles Basmanny market roof collapse Anhalt-Arena Deutschlandhalle Festhalle Frankfurt Freiheitshalle Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle Jahrhunderthalle Mannheimer Rosengarten Max-Schmeling-Halle Porsche-Arena Hanover Westfalenhallen OlympiaWorld Innsbruck Wrocław Messe Frankfurt Everett (Washington) Tropical Islands Resort
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