Heliothinae
The Heliothinae are a subfamily of cutworms ( Noctuidae ), which currently comprises about 365 species ( 400 species). The species are mostly nocturnal ( moths ). Some of the species are considered pests on crop plants. The occurring in North and South America species Heliothis virescens (Fabricius ), who lives in tobacco plants to cause damage in the billions.
Features
The Heliothinae include mainly small or medium-sized butterfly with a compact physique. They have little modified venules and areola on the front wings and full ventral laminae of the furca of the metathorax. As with all representatives of the Noctuoidea Tympanalorgane are available. They are mostly active at night, in the rest position, the posterior corners of the front wings meet in the midline of the moths. As an apomorphy the staggered arrangement of setae L1 and L2 on the prothorax of caterpillars later stages and the skin of the caterpillars, which are staffed with conical granules carry the pointed apical spines apply. While a thorny skin also occurs in other subfamilies of Noctuidae ( Herminiinae, Cuculliinae and Plusiinae ), but is there arose convergent.
Geographical distribution, habitat and behavior
The Heliothinae are a cosmopolitan subfamily of cutworms. They usually live in warm, dry regions of both hemispheres. Have been known food plant only a quarter of the species. Of these about 70 % are mono- or oligophagous. Most of the monophagous species feeding on species of the daisy family (Asteraceae ), or closely related plant families, such as of Labiatae ( Lamiaceae ), locking cabbage family ( Polemoniaceae ), figwort family ( Scrophulariaceae ), or nightshade family (Solanaceae ). Besides these, a few species are avoided on grasses ( Poaceae ) and legumes ( Fabaceae ). The caterpillars feed mainly on flowers and fruits of most herbaceous plants. The remaining 30 percent of species are polyphagous Heliothinae the park, including some species, such as Helicoverpa armigera and Heliothis virescens, which cause annual losses in the billions of crops.
System
The genera of the subfamily Heliothinae with the species occurring in Europe:
- Adisura Moore, 1881
- Aedophron Lederer, 1857 ( with the subgenera Aedophron ( Aedophoron ) Lederer, 1857 Aedophron ( Askemosynephron ) Zilli & Ronkay, 2009) Aedophron phlebophora Lederer, 1858
- Aedophron rhodites ( Eversmann, 1851)
- Cotton Kapseleule ( Helicoverpa armigera ( Hübner, 1808) )
- Heliocheilus syrticola (Staudinger, 1879)
- Heliothis adaucta Butler, 1878
- Heliothis incarnata Freyer, 1838
- Warnecke moorland Sonneneule ( Heliothis maritima ( Graslin, 1855) )
- Heliothis nubigera Herrich -Schäffer, 1851
- Restharrow - Sonneneule ( Heliothis ononis ( Denis & Schiffer Müller, 1775) )
- Heliothis Peltigera ( Denis & Schiffer Müller, 1775)
- Carding - Sonneneule ( Heliothis viriplaca ( Hufnagel, 1766 ) )
- Helivictoria Victorina ( Sodoffsky, 1849)
- Larkspur Sonneneule ( Periphanes delphinii (Linnaeus, 1758) )
- Periphanes cora ( Eversmann, 1837)
- Philareta treitschkei ( Frivaldszky, 1835)
- Mugwort Blüteneule ( Protoschinia scutosa ( Denis & Schiffer Müller, 1775) )
- Pyrrhia exprimens (Walker, 1857)
- Pyrrhia purpura ( Hübner, 1817)
- Umbra Sonneneule ( Pyrrhia umbra ( Hufnagel, 1766 ) )
- Schinia cardui ( Hübner, 1790)
- Schinia cognata ( Freyer, 1833)
- Schinia purpurascens ( exchangers, 1809)