Noctuoidea
Check Tageule ( Calli webs mi)
The Noctuoidea are a superfamily of butterflies (Lepidoptera ). With about 70,000 species it is by far the largest and the world's most widespread superfamily of butterflies. It covers in Europe 2250 species and subspecies. Both the moths and the caterpillars include a wide variety of body sizes, body paint, lifestyles and ecological adaptations.
- 4.1 Literature
Features
Butterfly
Although the moths are very different in shape and size, yet many species have a strong and robust physique. The monophyly is very good by the Tympanalorgane on metathorax and justified the matching them with structures on their abdomen. With these organs, the animals can ultrasonic sounds of different frequencies perceive. It is believed that the main function of Tympanalorgane is the detection of the ultrasonic sounds from hunting bats. However, there are some indications that they are used for the reception of mating signals.
On each side of the thorax behind the Metepimeron is modified so that there is an indentation in the membrane of the Tympanalorgans ( tympanum ) is. The membrane is usually separated by the epaulette from Metepimeron. Before the epaulette Metepimeron may be membranous. Dorsomedial to the Gegentympanum Tympanalorgan is connected thereto by the same air chamber. This second membrane probably acts as an additional resonance organ. The front side of the first abdominal segment may be strongly inverted inwards to form a few notches for the Gegentympana. Laterally a sclerotized flap can be located, which is before or after the stigma of the first abdominal segment. It is believed to locate received noise. However, the exact function of this valve is not fully understood.
Within the Noctuoidea pits two patterns of Flügeladerung on the front wings. In the plesiomorphic variant M2 rises at half the length of M1 and M3 between them. This results in a three-division from the lower corner of Diskalzelle. This " trifide " Flügeladerung occurs in the genus Oenosandra and Doidae and dental spinners. In the second variant M2 originates very close to M3, is intergrown with, or stalked with her. This four-part or betw " quadrifide " Flügeladerung occurs in all other Noctuoidea, except those in which this feature is in turn further developed so that the wires are fused together so that you can see fewer branches. Even with the Tympanalorganen there are two essential building plans. The Doidae, the tooth spinners and some types of Syntomini the Metepimeron dorsal is strongly concave, which causes the membrane is ventrally oriented. And epaulette flap on Gegentympanum missing in this case. In the genus Oenosandra and the group of the families quadrifinen Metepimeron is maximum only slightly concave, whereby the membrane is oriented forward. And epaulette flap on Gegentympanum are formed. The Notodontidae the tympanum is excited only by an acoustic sense cell, whereas are formed at the Noctuidae two. However, the formation of this feature is not sufficiently well known.
Eggs
The eggs are upright type.
Crawler
The caterpillars have centered on the back of the metathorax two bristles representing, presumably with the exception of Oenosandridae a good synapomorphy of the superfamily. These bristles are, however, difficult to locate in the sometimes hairy subgroups. Other features of the caterpillars, which are mentioned in older literature, are plesiomorphic.
Way of life
The caterpillars of most species feed on plants sitting, but there are also a number of species that develop in the plants as a drill.
System
The group includes about 70,000 species in more than 7200 species. Kristensen ( 2003) subdivided the Noctuoidea in eight families, which in turn are divided into three subgroups: Oenosandridae, Doidae Notodontidae and quadrifiden remaining families ( Noctuidae, Pantheidae, Lymantriidae, Arctiidae and Nolidae ). Lafontaine and Fibiger have a revised classification of Noctuoidea introduced in 2006, in which several groups in the family rank ( Nolidae, Lymantriidae, Pantheidae, Arctiidae ) were set to subfamily level of the Noctuidae. The following system down to subfamily level is determined by Lafontaine and Fibiger (2006):
- Family Oenosandridae
- Family Doidae
- Family dental Spinner ( Notodontidae ) Subfamily processionary moth ( Thaumetopoeinae )
- Subfamily Pygarinae
- Subfamily Platychasmatinae
- Subfamily Notodontinae
- Subfamily Phalerinae
- Subfamily Dudusinae
- Subfamily Hemiceratinae
- Subfamily Heterocampinae
- Subfamily Nystaleinae
- Subfamily Dioptinae
- Subfamily Rivulinae
- Subfamily Boletobiinae
- Subfamily Hypenodinae
- Subfamily Araeopteroninae
- Subfamily Eublemminae
- Subfamily Herminiinae
- Subfamily Scolecocampinae
- Subfamily hype Ninae
- Subfamily Phytometrinae
- Subfamily Aventiinae
- Subfamily Erebinae
- Subfamily Calpinae
- Subfamily Catocalinae
- Subfamily Cocytiinae
- Subfamily Stictopterinae
- Subfamily Euteliinae
- Subfamily Kahneulchen ( Nolinae )
- Subfamily Aganainae
- Subfamily tiger moths ( Arctiinae )
- Subfamily Trägspinner ( Lymantriinae )
- Subfamily Strepsimaninae
- Subfamily Pulsiinae
- Subfamily Eustrotiinae
- Subfamily Bagisarinae
- Subfamily Acontiinae
- Subfamily Pantheinae
- Subfamily Diphtherinae
- Subfamily Dilobinae
- Subfamily Raphiinae
- Subfamily Balsinae
- Subfamily Acronictinae
- Subfamily Metoponiinae
- Subfamily Sinocharinae
- Subfamily Lophonyctinae
- Subfamily Agaristinae
- Subfamily Eucocytiinae
- Subfamily Cuculliinae
- Subfamily Oncocnemidinae
- Subfamily Amphipyrinae
- Subfamily Psaphidinae
- Subfamily Stiriinae
- Subfamily Heliothinae
- Subfamily Condicinae
- Subfamily Eriopinae
- Subfamily Bryophilinae
- Subfamily Xyleninae
- Subfamily Hadeninae
- Subfamily Noctuinae