Historic preservation

As historic preservation is defined as the intellectual, technical, technical and artistic activities, which are necessary for He and maintenance of cultural monuments. Conservation, however, are the legal arrangements, decrees, permits, restrictions or prohibitions that ensure historic preservation.

• 6.1 Urban Heritage Protection

Tasks

The central task is to take stock, review and cataloging of monuments as evidence of past cultural history, so both protected as well as deprotection worthy objects. Cause the monument authorities fast entry lists, lists of monuments or monument directories. There are also some monument topographies.

Monuments, ensembles, archaeological sites and parks, with which people have designed and reflects their environment, belong to the cultural heritage of society. Just as artistic creations, inventions and scientific discoveries are objects monuments Community memory. Especially to them the political, social and economic developments of the past are vividly and directly experienced in our living environment. The significance of the monument is bound to its material substance. To keep the buildings in their traditional state, together with the historical traces of use and to change, it is the first object of architectural conservation. As a historical legacies of human activity play monuments an identity -creating role in society. The monuments dedicated to the task of preserving this Community transmitted heritage of construction, soil and garden monuments for future generations and to protect it from damage or destruction. An important prerequisite for the preservation of historical buildings that they can be used continuously. If a longer period building empty, damage set and make it difficult to retrieve the building in use. The historic preservation advocates for such uses, and possibly required for this purpose a contemporary building supplements that are accessible without compromising the historic fabric.

Measures

Monuments judges the state of cultural monuments and decide on action to be taken, where appropriate, the sub - or receiving. It is usually from administrative bodies the relevant scientific and technical expertise, and focused financial support to the responsible heritage authority. Legal framework conditions are the conservation laws of the Länder.

From cultural heritage to cultural monument is to decide individually how it can be permanent. The essential procedures are set out in the Charter of Venice. However, there is wide scope for interpretation. " The term is also used in this context " rehabilitation " usually has nothing to do with historic preservation. " ( Hermann Wirth, Bauhaus University Weimar, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Building survey and architectural conservation: Memorial Nursing Basic Concepts - Information writings of the German Castles Association eV ADVISORY FOR MEMORIAL CONSERVATION, 2003) "rehabilitation" is not a monument specific term and is not mentioned in any of the conservation laws. With no specific remediation measure is meant. The term has undergone a fundamental change and is now generally used for modernization, which goes beyond the repair of historic preservation. The main measures of monuments are:

Let aging

No or very little intervention. In 1800 and 1900 mainly in ruins, a universal concept, presently used mainly in large industrial plants as a controlled decay.

Maintenance

Cleaning and maintenance work on the monument. These include the fixing of tiles, plasterwork, paint windows, etc. This care concept were the monuments their names.

Preservation

Preservation and protection of historical- material inventory. The goal of conservation is to preserve the original condition and appearance at the time of the action and is the cleaning, care or gentle strengthening of the historical material ( see, eg, Stone Conservation ) achieved. Another way to achieve the preservation of cultural monuments, is to protect archaeological monuments or monuments by means of protective structures from decay. An example of this is the shelter over the Golden Gate of Freiberg Cathedral, Saxony.

Repair

Measures that serve to secure original substance and to maintain and restore its original condition and use value again or renew an original appearance:

Reconstruction

Recovering a Lost appearance of components or entire buildings partially without original findings on the basis of written and pictorial sources and results of building research. Reconstructed objects are considered creations and provide for the preservation of monuments absolutely exceptional situation; they are often no longer grow a monument monuments value (depending on the registration status in the lists of monuments ), but can them over time. In the language of the GDR was understood (regardless of the historical value ), by rehabilitating the repair or modernization.

Anastylosis

Anastylosis denotes the partial re-establishment of a dilapidated historical building using its original, preserved parts. A well-known example is the Library of Celsus in Ephesus.

Translocation - Building dislocation

The translocation is a method of building displacement. The translocation of the building is documented dismantled and then rebuilt true to the original as possible elsewhere. This reconstruction elsewhere is often an emergency measure in case of imminent total loss. As a cultural monument its historical value to some extent by the - also local - historical context in which it arose, applies, the offset object can lose the official monument protection; its heritage value as evidence of an ancient culture loses it thus usually not.

In some countries, is also the maintenance of a few selected cultural monuments - mostly in public ownership - the heritage authority. This includes a long-term plan to restore an approximate historical inventory can belong.

Historic preservation generally contaminated the monument owners and can be a significant financial burden. The special stress on the monument itself is based around in Germany on article 14, paragraph 2, sentence 2 of the Basic Law, the social obligations of property. This is a limitation of his property.

Bodendenkmalpflege

The Bodendenkmalpflege deals with archaeological monuments, so immovable or movable monuments that are located in the ground or were, ie it is an object of special authorities. The Bodendenkmalpflege is divided into archaeological and paleontological heritage conservation historic preservation.

The tasks of the Bodendenkmalpflege range from the systematic stocktaking and inventory work (by means of inspections, aerial photo interpretation, building surveying, etc.), review of planned construction work on ground historic preservation relevance, preliminary examination ( prospecting ), excavations (scheduled or emergency excavation at destruction by construction ), restoration and cataloging of recovered objects of academic study and publication of the results found up to their presentation.

Architectural and art monuments

The architectural and art monuments based on Art History and Architectural Sciences. She takes care of monuments within a very wide space.

The architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel called in the early 19th century for protection authorities monuments. In France, Viollet -le- Duc is considered the founder of stylistic restoration that began in 1830. In Prussia there was in 1843 the first curator, also called conservators. 1850 the Austrian k.k. Central Commission established for the research and conservation of monuments. She was under the Ministry of Trade and Industry.

Baron Charles de Graimberg ( 1774-1864/65? ), The "savior " of the Heidelberg Castle, is at least true in Germany as the first officially appointed conservators. Among other things, thanks to its image publications put a further government efforts in Baden, to protect the ruins from further depletion.

The first modern German monument protection and care law was enacted in 1902 in the Grand Duchy of Hesse. In 1911, the Central Commission for the Study and Conservation of monuments was converted to the State Office for Historical Monuments in Prussia. This was divided into two areas: an art- historical- technical area, which dealt with historic preservation and a legal- administrative area, who was responsible for the legal bases.

Gartendenkmalpflege

The historic gardens is established as a separate field of historic preservation for only a few decades. It is legal - as the landscape architecture for building applications - counted for architectural conservation.

Urban heritage conservation

The monument or the memorial ensemble is in a spatial context. Urban development should be considerate of monuments and their surroundings so as not to impair their value and impact. Therefore, cities with large historical Baubeständen have often developed statutes and plans for the protection of the silhouette, the roof and facade design. This can include the preservation of historical space and streets belong. Whereas the adoption of the course of building fronts ensures also the most historic street spaces. One of the tools for historical analysis of the town plan is the urban morphology. Of particularly important historical buildings and ensembles protection zones are required, which limit and regulate the construction in the area. For example, the UNESCO has called on the city of Cologne protection zones for the world heritage Cologne Cathedral, Dresden or recognize the status due to certain construction activities again.

Urban Heritage Protection

The Urban conservation is the protection of historic city centers. Through the programs Urban Heritage protection be promoted in Germany by federal and state areas to effect the unity between buildings and urban renewal in selected cities with particularly significant city cores.

Historic Building Research

The Building Research is researching the construction and use history and the substance of a structure. In addition, it provides data for the independent of the substance documentation. Its objectives are to assess the historical value and gaining knowledge for appropriate measures of historic preservation, even in the event of a reorganization.

In the Building Research is going on gradually, usually at the beginning a to-scale, usually even deformation accurate drawing, the so-called architectural survey. This gives insights into the morphology of the structure and conservation problems. A further step is the space book, a graphic, photographic and descriptive documentation of the building and its parts. Important is the systematic breakdown that does not deviate from a once- defined or enforced time - accuracy level, so no longer selects more subjective. Together with the evaluation of archive materials reaches the Construction so precise knowledge of the historical value of a building, which serve for upcoming activities and for the mere documentation of data in the archive.

Current location of the monuments in Germany

Currently, the country's monument offices encounter due to the financially strained financial situation and its staffing limits their ability to act and resilience. Numerous technical authorities lost in the last few years their academic independence and their independent position related, some specialist positions were reversed. Are all the more demanded and promoted civic engagement.

Since the 1990s, the commodification seems to have found the entrance to the historic preservation and possibly a paradigm shift. This is reflected, among others, in public opinion, and especially in politics. Here, the qualitative discussion of the archaeological and architectural heritage hardly comes to a meaning.

26 Resolutions of the Council of Europe dealing with various aspects of historic preservation. The implementation of the resolutions is difficult. Currently working on a common European platform, since the cross-border business cooperation still leaves something to be desired. In April 2006, was formed in London at the invitation of English Heritage monument of heads of agencies from 23 European countries a European Heritage Heads Forum (short EHHF ). It shall meet annually as a common lobby to exchange ideas, organize joint workshops and activities and to strengthen and expand existing networks between historic preservation and tourism.

Promotion of heritage conservation concept

In September each year, introduced by the European Union European Heritage Days are performed to anchor the cultural significance of monuments in the sense of " living history " in the minds of citizens. Annually, there exists a different topic.

In Germany this event Heritage Day is, in Austria Heritage Day. Switzerland is also involved with the European Heritage Day in this action.

At the European level also exists with Europa Nostra a nations border composite for the dissemination of preservation - thought, organized by "European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage / Europa Nostra Awards" and thus assigns the highest award for conservation work at European level.

Quote

" Each monument is bound to the material substance from which it is and which enables its existence only. It allows us to understand the process of creation and editing of the monument, but also shows the traces of time that has elapsed since the completion reports of alterations, changes and functional changes, the fate of the inhabitants and users of good and bad phases. "

Training, research and teaching in the German-speaking

Historic preservation is the subject of various trades, the stonemasons and specifically in Bavaria, the so-called church painter. The job of a conservator is not protected in all provinces, now an independent chair was adapted in Munich. The profession of independent window craftsman specializes in historically appropriate window repair and sent at the end of the 1990s, from Sweden to Germany. This relatively new profession is not protected by law in Germany and be passed from window craftsmen to independent artisans adjacent professions. Especially on Monuments and several interdisciplinary graduate courses have been established, as in Bamberg and Hildesheim. The courses of study in Munich and Dresden have now been abandoned.

Training centers:

• BTU Cottbus: Master's degree and master's degree Building and Conservation World Heritage Studies
• European University Viadrina in Frankfurt ( Oder): protection of European cultural heritage
• HAWK Hildesheim: specialization in existing buildings / architectural conservation
• Wismar University: Distance Learning Program Master Building in Existing
• Karlsruhe Institute of Technology ( KIT): Master Course Restoration of old buildings
• Technical University of Berlin: Master's degree historic preservation
• Dresden University of Technology: Master's degree conservation and urban development
• Technical University of Munich: Department of Building History, Archaeology and Preservation
• University of Bamberg: Master's degree historic preservation