Honeysuckle

Winter Honeysuckle ( Lonicera fragrantissima )

The Honeysuckle or Honeysuckle ( Lonicera ) are a genus of flowering plants in the family of Honeysuckle ( Caprifoliaceae ). The about 180 species are widely distributed in the northern hemisphere.

As a " honeysuckle " are mainly referred to the growing shrubby species in which the flowers are arranged in pairs. Products resulting from a pair of flowers berries are in some species to a double berry grown ( these types are also called Double Berry). The lianas ( with multifloral inflorescences ), however, are usually called " Honeysuckle ", also colloquially referred to as honeysuckles.

• 5.1 Supplementary literature on European species
• 5.2 Notes and references

Description

Appearance, buds and leaves

Lonicera species are evergreen or deciduous, woody plants that usually grow as shrubs or lianas, rarely as trees. The Stems are hollow in some species. The winter buds have a few pairs of rounded or pointed to four edged bud scales, the inner sometimes continue growing or bent back. Sometimes the terminal bud is reduced and replaced by two side buds.

The mostly opposite or whorled rarely arranged leaves are petiolate or sessile. The leaf blades are usually simple with entire or rarely toothed leaf margins. Stipules usually absent.

Inflorescences and flowers

Often a stand among the inflorescences or two couples or small deciduous leaf -like bracts. The lateral or terminal, sometimes standing on Blütenstandsschäften, schirmtraubigen total inflorescences consist of opposite, seated, zymösen partial inflorescences, containing one to several flowers; sometimes the inflorescence is head shaped. In some species, the inflorescence on a pair of flowers, rarely reduced one or three flowers. in pairs in the leaf axils or in terminal capitate inflorescences together. The flowers are on a pair of bracts, which are usually free, sometimes grown more or less and may occasionally envelop the ovary.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and usually five, rarely cruciform with a double perianth. The usually five, rarely four sepals are fused Roehrig or cup-shaped, sometimes trimmed; sometimes located at its base, a collar- like emergence. The colors of the petals ranging from white to off-white to yellow and reddish to purple, often changes color when Withered. The usually five, rarely four petals are fused into a more or less long to very long, bell-shaped to funnel-shaped corolla tube. The crown ends with more or less regular four or five corolla lobes or two-lipped. If the crown is zweilippig then the upper lip is vierlappig. After deployment, the bud, the corolla tube is still closed and then looks clavate. The thickened part then splits into a single, downward-pointing tip, which is a lower lip, and four ( in many species largely intergrown ) Zipfel, pointing up. The corolla tube is slightly to strongly curved at the bottom to go basis, rarely a spur is present; there are compact, fitting nectar glands, sometimes in five equal lines; rare they are swollen at the base of the style.

It is a circle with five stamens present. Usually two or three, rarely up to five carpels are two to three, rarely fused into one under constant, up to fünfkammerigen ovary. If the flowers are borne in pairs, then the ovary may be partially or completely fused. The long and thin, hairy or bald style ends in a capitate stigma.

The different types are to moths (especially swarmers ), bumble bees, wasps or hoverflies as pollinators adapted ( entomophily ).

Fruit and seeds

The berries are individually or in pairs: double berry. The maturity in white to red, blue-black to black staining or green, sometimes frosted berries contain from one to many seeds. Sometimes the cover sheets grow to fruit ripening and then wrap the double berry. The smooth, pitted or granular seeds have a lot of endosperm and a small, straight, curved embryo.

Dissemination

The genus Lonicera is widespread in the northern hemisphere. They thrive mainly in the moderate areas. It occurs in North Africa, Eurasia and North America. In China, about 57 species occur, of which 23 are just there.

In Central Europe, the shrubs: Alpine Honeysuckle ( Lonicera alpigena ), Blue Honeysuckle ( Lonicera caerulea), Black Honeysuckle ( Lonicera nigra), Red Honeysuckle ( Lonicera xylosteum ) and lianas: honeysuckle ( Lonicera caprifolia ) and Waldgeißblatt home ( Lonicera periclymenum ). The shrub Tatar honeysuckle ( Lonicera tatarica ) is a neophyte in many areas of moderate zones.

System

The genus Lonicera L. 1753 was set up by in Species Plantarum, 1, p 173. As lectotype in 1913 Lonicera L. caprifolium by NL Britton unc A. Brown in Ill. Fl. N.U.S., 2nd edition, 3, pp. 277 set. Homonyms are Lonicera Boehm. in Definitiones Generum Plantarum ed 3 Boehmer, in 1760. 139, Lonicera Gaertn. in De fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum ..., 1, 1788, pp. 132, Lonicera Adans. in Familles des Plantes, 2, 1763, pp. 157 more synonymous with Lonicera L. are: Xylosteon Mill, Caprifolium Miller, Euchylia Dulac. The genus name Lonicera honors the German mathematician, physician and botanist Adam Lonitzer (Latin Lonicerus ).

The genus Lonicera belongs to the tribe Caprifolieae within the family Caprifoliaceae.

There are about 180 species worldwide:

• Evergreen honeysuckle ( Lonicera acuminata Wall, Syn. Caprifolium fuchsioides ( Hemsl. ) Kuntze, Caprifolium henryi ( Hemsl. ) Kuntze, Lonicera acuminata var depilata PSHsu & HJWang, L. affinis Hook & Arnott var angustifolia Hayata. L. alseuosmoides Graebner, L. apodantha Ohwi, L. buddleioides PSHsu & SCCheng, L. fuchsioides Hemsl. , L. giraldii Rehder, L. henryi Hemsl. , L. henryi var angustifolia ( Hayata ) Ohwi, L. henryi var fulvovillosa Ohwi, L. henryi var setuligera WWSmith, L. henryi var subcoriacea Rehder, L. henryi var transarisanensis ( Hayata ) Yamamoto, L. henryi var trichosepala Rehder, L. pampaninii H.Lév. , L. transarisanensis Hayata, L. trichosepala ( Rehder ) PSHsu ): This evergreen vine is widely used in India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, China and the Philippines.
• Lonicera albiflora Torr. & A. Gray: It is widespread from the southern United States to northern Mexico and is found in the states of Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Chihuahua, Coahuila and Nuevo Leon.
• Alpine Honeysuckle ( Lonicera alpigena Siev. ): It is used in many areas with temperate climate in Eurasia: in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, France, Spain, former Yugoslavia and the former Czechoslovakia, Albania, Romania, Greece, in addition to the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin and the Japanese islands of Hokkaido and Honshu south.
• Lonicera altmannii rule & Schmalh. It occurs in southeastern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and western Xinjiang.
• Lonicera angustifolia Wall. ex DC. deciduous shrub This is found in Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Bhutan, northern Myanmar, Nepal and the Chinese provinces of southwestern Sichuan, Xizang, and Yunnan.
• Lonicera bournei Hemsl. ( Syn: Caprifolium bournei ( Hemsl. ) Kuntze, Lonicera obscura Collett & Hemsl. ): It grows in forests at altitudes 800-2000 m in Guangxi, Yunnan and Myanmar.
• Blue Honeysuckle ( Lonicera caerulea L., Syn: Lonicera caerulea var altaica Pallas, L. caerulea var edulis Turczaninow ex Herder, L. caerulea var tangutica Maxim, Xylosteon caeruleum (L.) Dumont de Courset. . ): This deciduous shrub is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere: China, Japan, Korea, Mongoliei, Russia, Europe and North America.
• Lonicera calcarata Hemsl: . These Liane thrives at altitudes 1200-2500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi, southwestern Guizhou, southwestern Sichuan, Xizang and Yunnan.
• Honeysuckle ( Lonicera caprifolium L.): This vine is widely used in Europe: Norway, Sweden, Austria, Hungary, Poland, former Czechoslovakia, the former Yugoslavia, Albania, Romania, Italy and Spain.
• Lonicera chrysantha Turcz. ex Ledeb. deciduous shrub This occurs in China, Japan, North Korea, Mongolia, Russia and Europe.
• Lonicera ciliosa ( Pursh ) Poir. ex DC. Liane This is native to western North America in southwestern British Columbia, northern Idaho, western Montana, Oregon, Washington and western California.
• Lonicera cinerea Pojark.
• Lonicera confusa ( Sweet) DC.
• Lonicera crassifolia Batalin
• Lonicera cyanocarpa Franch.
• Lonicera dasystyla Rehder: It occurs in Vietnam and Guangdong and Guangxi.
• Lonicera elisae Franch, ( syn.. Caprifolium elisae ( Franchet ) Kuntze, C. praecox Kuntze, Lonicera infundibulum Franchet, L. infundibulum var rockii Rehder, L. pekinensis Rehder, L. praecox ( Kuntze ) Rehder (1911 ) non K Koch 1872). This deciduous shrub comes in forests and thickets at altitudes 500-1600 (up to 2300) meters in southwestern Anhui, southeastern Gansu, Hebei, Henan, western Hubei, southern Shaanxi, southern Shanxi, Sichuan and northwestern Zhejiang ago.
• Lonicera etrusca G. Santi, is found in southern Europe.
• Lonicera fargesii Franch.
• Lonicera ferdinandii Franch.
• Lonicera ferruginea Rehder
• Lonicera flava Sims: It is distributed in the United States.
• Lonicera fragilis H.Lév.
• Winter Honeysuckle ( Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl. & Paxton )
• Lonicera graebneri Rehder
• Lonicera gynochlamydea Hemsl.
• Lonicera hemsleyana ( Kuntze ) Rehder
• Lonicera hildebrandiana Collett & Hemsl.
• Lonicera hispida Pall. ex Roem. & Schult. ( Syn: Caprifolium hispidum ( Pallas ex Roemer & Schultes ) Kuntze, Lonicera anisocalyx Rehder, L. chaetocarpa ( Batalin ex Rehder ) Rehder, L. finitima WWSmith, L. hispida var anisocalyx ( Rehder ) PKChou, L. hispida var chaetocarpa Batalin ex Rehder, L. hispida var glabrata Batalin, L. hispida var hirsutior rule, L. hispida var setosa JDHooker & Thomson, L. montigena Rehder )
• Lonicera humilis Kar & Kir.
• Lonicera hypoglauca Miq.
• Lonicera hypoleuca Decne.
• Tangled honeysuckle ( Lonicera implexa Aiton ): It comes only in Algeria and Portugal, of course. It is a liana.
• Lonicera inconspicua Batalin
• Lonicera involucrata ( Richardson ) Banks ex Spreng. It is widespread in North America from Alaska to northern Chihuahua.
• Japanese honeysuckle ( Lonicera japonica Thunb. )
• Lonicera jilongensis P.S.Hsu & H.J.Wang
• Lonicera kansuensis ( Batalin ex Rehder ) Pojark.
• Lonicera karelinii Bunge ex P.Kir.
• Lonicera kawakamii ( Hayata ) Masam.
• Lonicera lanceolata Wall:. Comes to India, Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal, northern Myanmar and in China.
• Lonicera ligustrina Wall.
• Lonicera litangensis Batalin
• Lonicera longiflora ( Lindl. ) DC.
• Lonicera longituba HTChang ex PSHsu & HJWang
• Lonicera maackii ( Rupr. ) Maxim.
• Lonicera macrantha ( D.Don ) Spreng. ( Syn: Caprifolium macranthum D.Don, Lonicera Esquirolii H.Lév, L. fulvotomentosa PSHsu & SCCheng, L. guillonii H.Lév & Vaniot, L. hirtiflora champion ex Bentham, L. inodora WWSm, L.. macrantha var calvescens Chun & FCHow, Lonicera calvescens ( Chun & FCHow ) PSHsu & HJWang, L. macranthoides Hand. - Mazz, L. strigosiflora CYWu ex XWLi ). It is in India, Bhutan, Nepal and China is home.
• Lonicera maximowiczii ( Rupr. ) rule
• Lonicera mexicana ( Kunth ) Rehder
• Lonicera microphylla Willd. ex Schult.
• Lonicera minutifolia Kitam.
• Lonicera modesta Rehder
• Lonicera mucronata Rehder
• Lonicera myrtillus Hook. f & Thomson: It occurs in Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Myanmar and China.
• Lonicera nervosa Maxim.
• Black Honeysuckle ( Lonicera nigra L.)
• Lonicera Nubium ( Hand. - Mazz. ) Hand. - Mazz.
• Lonicera oblata K.S.Hao ex P.S.Hsu & H.J.Wang
• Lonicera oiwakensis Hayata
• Lonicera Oreodoxa Harry Sm ex Rehder
• Lonicera pallasii Ledeb.
• Waldgeißblatt ( Lonicera periclymenum L.)
• Evergreen creep Honeysuckle ( Lonicera pileata Oliv. ): Evergreen shrub.
• Lonicera pilosa ( Kunth ) Spreng.
• Lonicera praeflorens Batalin
• Lonicera prolifera ( Kirchner ) Booth ex Rehder
• Lonicera prostrata Rehder
• Lonicera pyrenaica L., arrives in Spain and France: subsp. majoricensis ( Gand. ) Browicz, occurs only in the Balearic Islands.
• Subsp. pyrenaica

Use

Some species and varieties are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens.

Frequently planted species and hybrids are:

• Evergreen honeysuckle ( Lonicera acuminata )
• Lonicera ciliosa (orange blooming liana )
• Maibeere ( Lonicera caerulea var kamtschatica Sevast, Syn. Lonicera kamtschatica ( Sevast. ) Pojark. )
• Winter Honeysuckle ( Lonicera fragrantissima ): It is native to China. ( weißblühender, deciduous shrub )
• Lonicera × heckrottii Osborn ( compact growing liana )
• Heckenmyrte ( Lonicera ligustrina subsp yunnanensis ( Franch. ) PSHsu & HJWang, Syn. Lonicera nitida EHWilson )
• Lonicera ligustrina var pileata ( Oliv. ) Franchet ( syn.. Lonicera pileata Olive ) (low evergreen shrub )
• Goldgeißblatt ( Lonicera × tellmanniana ) ( lush yellow orange flowering, compact growing climber )

Some Lonicera species provide drugs that are applied in the field of traditional Chinese medicine for liver problems.

Swell

• Qiner Yang, Sven Landrein, Joanna Osborne & Renata Borosova: Caprifoliaceae. In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Hong Deyuan (eds.): Flora of China. Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae. Volume 19, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing, inter alia, 9 March 2011, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3, Lonicera, p 620 ( on-line text is identical to the printed work, " Lonicera - Online "). (Section Description, systematics and distribution )
• Rubina Akhter: Caprifoliaceae. In: eFloras.org (eds.): Flora of Pakistan. Lonicera (text identical to printed working online, " Lonicera - Online ").

Additional literature on European species

• Harry Garms: Plants and animals in Europe. Paperback edition. dtv, Munich 1969. ISBN 3-423-03013-5.
• Werner Rothmaler: Exkursionsflora the territories of the GDR and the FRG, vascular plants. 1st edition, people and knowledge of state-owned publishing house, Berlin 1972.
• Kasimierz Browicz: Lonicera L.: In: Thomas Gaskell Tutin include: Flora Europaea. Volume 4, p.46 - 48th Cambridge University Press 1976 ISBN. 0-521-08717-1.