Hydrocharitaceae

Frog bite (hydro morsus - ranae ), illustration

The frog bite plants ( Hydrocharitaceae ) are a family in the order of Alismatales within the monocots. It is divided into four subfamilies and includes 16 to 18 genera with about 116 species. They come in fresh and salt water from the moderate latitudes to the tropics before. Some species are used as ornamental plants in ponds or aquariums.

• 3.1 Notes and references

Description

Habit and foliage leaves

These annual to perennial mostly herbaceous plants are marsh, floating leaf or mostly underwater plants in freshwater to saltwater. Often they form rhizomes or stolons with which they are anchored in the seabed. Some species are free flutend. Rarely protrude vegetative plant parts above the water surface.

The leaves are opposite, alternate or whorled, or basal distributed on the stem. There may be petioles. The leaf sheaths are open. The leaf blades are parallel-veined and their shape varies depending on the type very. In the axils of scales are available.

Inflorescences and flowers

You can be getrenntgeschlechtig monoecious ( monoecious ) or dioecious ( dioecious ). The flowers appear singly or combined in zymösen inflorescences. The flowers are on a single spathaähnlichen bract, which usually arises from two fused bracts or there are two free bracts present.

Their radial symmetry, the threefold flowers are usually unisexual or rarely bisexual. There were originally two circles, each with three free bloom cladding available; they are white, yellow, red, purple or blue and usually divided into calyx and corolla, in some taxa lack the petals. The male flowers contain one, two or many (up to 100 then more than 25 fertile ) stamens. In the female flowers two to 20 carpels are fused to an inferior ovary, with the same number of stamps as carpels. The scars are biramose. The unilocular ovary contains parietal placentation many orthotropic to anatrope, erect to pendulous ovules bitegmische. Pollination is by insects rarely ( entomophily ). Most pollination is carried out by the water, sometimes through free-roaming driving, male flowers.

Fruit and seeds

It can be formed with many small seeds usually dry or berry-like fruit capsules. The fruits ripen under water. The distribution of diaspores carried by the water. The seeds often have a warty, or net-like surface.

Chromosomes

The chromosomes ( 0.8 ) is usually from 2 to 10 microns long. The chromosome number is n = 7-12.

System

Within the order of Alismatales Hydrocharitaceae are the sister group of the Butomaceae.

The Hydrocharitaceae family was published in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu under the name Hydrocharides Genera Plantarum in, 67. Type genus is Hydrocharis L. Synonyms for Hydrocharitaceae Juss are: . Blyxaceae Nakai, Elodeaceae Dum, Enhalaceae Nakai, J. Agardh Halophilaceae, Hydrillaceae Prantl, Najadaceae Juss.. nom. cons. , Stratiotaceae Schultz Sch., Thalassiaceae Nakai, Vallisneriaceae link.

Currently, the family is the Hydrocharitaceae to Les et al. 2006 and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website divided into four sub-families with 16 to 18 genera and about (80 to ) 120 species:

• Anacharidoideae Thomé: With eight genera and up to 54 species: Apalanthe Planch. Delivered with three types, which are also expected by some authors to Elodea
• Appertiella C.D.K. Cook & Trieste: With only one type: Appertiella hexandra C.D.K. Cook & Trieste, which occurs in Madagascar

• Blyxa japonica ( Miq. ) Maxim. , Which has naturalized in rice fields of Northern Italy and South West Portugal

• Large water Garland ( Lagarosiphon major ( Ridl. ) Moss ): It has naturalized in Europe and New Zealand places ( neophyte ).
• Malagasy water Garland ( Lagarosiphon madagascariensis Casp. ): She comes from Madagascar.
• Similar moss water garland ( Lagarosiphon muscoides Harv. ): It originates from Africa

• Nechamandra alternifolia ( R. Roxburgh ex Wight ) Thwaites ( Syn: Vallisneria alternifolia Roxburgh ex R. Wight, Lagarosiphon alternifolia ( R. Roxburgh ex Wight ) Druce, Nechamandra roxburghii Planchon ), which is originally native only in Asia

• Ottelia alismoides (L. ) Pers. Whose home Africa, Australasia and Asia, but has now naturalized in rice fields of Northern Italy

• Enhalus Rich:. With the only kind: Enhalus acoroides ( L. f ) Rich. ex Steudel ( Syn: Statiotes acoroides L. f, Enhalus koenigii Rich. ): It grows along the coasts of the Indian and western Pacific Ocean.

• Halophila stipulacea ( Forssk. ) Ascherson has spread from the western Indian Ocean through the Red Sea and the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean (Malta )

• Reason nettle ( Hydrilla verticillata ( L. f ) Royle ): You Eurasia, Africa and Australia is located in. In Central America it is a neophyte.

• Thalassia hemprichii ( Ehrenberg ) Ascherson: Only in the Old World.

• Hydrocharis L.: With three kinds.
• Limnobium Rich:. Using two types in the freshwater of the New World.

• Stratiotes L.: The only kind: Crab Claw ( Stratiotes aloides L.): Occurrence throughout Eurasia.

Swell

• The Hydrocharitaceae in APWebsite family. (Section Description, systematics )
• Robert R. Haynes: Hydrocharitaceae in the Flora of North America, Volume 22: Online. ( Description section )
• Wang Qingfeng, Robert R. Haynes & C. Barre Hellquist: Hydrocharitaceae. In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China. Acoraceae - Cyperaceae. Volume 23, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing, among others, September 2, 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3, pp. 91 ( online text is identical to the printed work, " Hydrocharitaceae - Online" ). (Section Description, systematics and distribution )
• Abdul Ghafoor: Hydrocharitaceae in the Flora of Pakistan: Online. ( Description section )
• Leslie Watson: Hydrocharitaceae in the Western Australian Flora: Online. ( Description section )
• Donald H. Les, Michael L. Moody & CL Soros: A reappraisal of the phylogenetic relationships in the monocotyledonous family Hydrocharitaceae ( Alismatidae ), Aliso, Volume 22, 2006, pp. 211-230. .
• David John Mabberley: The Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants. Cambridge University Press 1987. ISBN 0-521-34060-8
• Walter Erhardt et al: The big walleye. Encyclopedia of plant names. Volume 2 Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7
• James Edward Dandy: Ottelia bed, or Blyxa Noronha ex Thouars, or Halophila Thouars. . In: Thomas Gaskell Tutin et al: Flora Europaea. Volume 5, page 4-5. Cambridge University Press 1980. ISBN 0-521-20108- X