Inessa Armand
Elisabeth Pécheux d' Herben Ville, Inessa Armand, orig. Inès Elizabeth Armand ( born May 8, 1874 in Paris, † September 24, 1920 in Nalchik ) was a Russian revolutionary French origin.
Life
Armand was the daughter of the French opera singer Théodore Stéphane, actually Théodore d' Pécheux Herben Ville, and his wife, the actress Nathalie game. Armand had two sisters. The father, who enjoyed great success, died early. In order to relieve the family, Inès was - as she was called in France - an aunt who went as a music teacher in Moscow, given.
In Moscow spent Inès (Russian diminutive Inessa ) a sheltered childhood. With 17 years Armand successfully passed her exams as a private tutor. Two years later, on October 3, 1893, she married in St. Nicholas Church in Puschkino the merchant and manufacturer Alexander Armand. With him she had four children.
1894, the son Alexander was born. At this time the family lived on the Armandschen goods in Jeldigino in Moscow, where the Armands einrichteten a school for peasant children, who taught Inessa as a teacher. 1896 was the son of Fyodor to the world. Armand joined the club in order to improve the lot of women in Moscow and in 1900 its chairman.
Inès and Alexander Armand had two more children, the daughters Inna and Varvara. To a personal crisis came when Inès younger in their nine years Volodia brother Armand, the brother of her husband's love. The couple broke up amicably, but never let divorce. Inès and Volodia lived for a while in Naples. Her son Andrei was born in 1903 in Baugy -sur -Clarens above Montreux ( Switzerland ). Armand then sat down with her lover and her children in Moscow. She was arrested after the " Bloody Sunday " during a raid on 6 February 1905.
The charges were dropped on June 3, 1905 but since then Armand was under police surveillance. With effect from October 18, 1905, women were admitted to the university in Moscow. On 19 October, Armand applied for a law degree and was until 1907 an auditor.
On April 9, 1907 their arrest took place because of " suspicion of conspiracy against the all-Russian Military Union soldiers and sailors ." They were left after a few days free, they already arrested on July 7 of the same year so again. On September 30, 1907 Armand was found guilty and for two years after the mesas in the Dept. Arkhangelsk banished.
Volodia Armand voluntarily went with her into exile. They settled in Messines. Inessa Armand earned her living by teaching French. As Volodia Armand life-threatening ill after some time with tuberculosis, he left Inessa Armand and went to a hospital in Switzerland.
When there was a strike on 22 November 1907 in various Armandschen factories and led to riots, husband Alexander Armand was arrested. After his release, he made shortly afterwards went with the sons Alexander and Fedor to France.
When the banishment of certain Polish revolutionaries was repealed in Messines to Inessa joined them secretly, and fled on 20 October 1908. The first time they lived under false names illegal in Moscow. When the authorities became suspicious, Armand dodged to Saint Petersburg. There was 1908, the first All-Russian Women's Congress held.
Meanwhile Volodia Armand was in Switzerland already dying. In January 1909 Inessa traveled illegally across Finland to him to the hospital. After a few days Volodia died in her arms. Inessa Armand was at first in Western Europe. In the October 27, 1909 she enrolled at the University of Brussels for the subjects of sociology, economics and law, and had already reached the following year in the latter conclusion.
From the autumn of 1910 she lived in Paris, to begin at the Sorbonne with research for their doctorate. But she came over marginal preliminary work also never, since she worked mainly for the party since the summer of 1910.
Probably learned Armand Lenin in 1909 know in person in Paris. In Longjumeau, about 15 km from Paris, Lenin found a hall that could be transformed with little effort into a training center. From May to August 1911, this party school was then in operation. During this time, Lenin lived and worked, his wife Nadia Krupskaia, his mother, Armand with her son Andrei and some students in Longjumeau.
In this work Lenin Armand learned to appreciate and love. Sometimes they met in the cafes at the porte d' Orléans, where homed Lenin's sympathizers. Between the two is an affair that would last several years developed. The relationship has been demonstrated among other things by numerous letters, which in addition to revolutionary themes including intimate confessions. Lenin got her an invitation to the International Socialist Congress, which took place in Copenhagen in August / September of this year. There they learned, inter alia, Karl Kautsky, Victor Adler, Jean Jaurès, Clara Zetkin, Rosa Luxembourg and Julius Martov know personally.
From the summer of 1912 Inessa Armand was by order of Lenin again illegally in St. Petersburg, where she was to the editors of Pravda passed its instructions. Shortly before Lenin was drawn with Krupskaya and Armand to Krakow, to be closer to the Russian border. But Armand was soon discovered and arrested on 14 September 1912. Her husband Alexander Armand, who had become deputy of the Duma, they got free by means of a deposit on March 20, 1913. By the summer of 1913 she spent time with her family and recovered. The end of August, she fled back to Krakow via Finland to Lenin. But Lenin did not want anything more to do with a " ménage à trois ". Nadia Krupskaya, Lenin was seriously ill and she brought to Bern to Dr. Theodor Kocher, who had just received the Nobel Prize for Medicine.
After a short stay in Paris and Lovran ( near Trieste ), where she again sees her children, Armand takes part in Lenin's insistence in Brussels at the Socialist International. Meanwhile, Lenin lives, which is now on the loose after his arrest in Krakow, with his wife in Bern. There he cites Armand, because of the party's work. She still loves him. 1916 draws Lenin in Zurich. Inès Armand is at this time in Baugy -sur -Clarens. She's not good. She is suffering from exhaustion. Lenin writes and calls. Early 1917, he tried to win them for a new mission. But she gets involved in anything. In March 1917, the uprising in Petrograd. In Zurich is all managed by the Swiss Fritz Platten in the way to let go of Lenin to Russia together with his entourage by train. On April 9, 1917, the train started in Zurich. On board are Lenin, Krupskaya Nadia, Grisha Zinoviev and his wife, Grigori Sokolnikov, Alexander Abramovich, Karl Radek and Inès Armand. About Sassnitz and Sweden to reach on 16th April 1917 Petrograd.
In the following time Armand was entrusted with a variety of jobs and tasks for the party. So it was, for example, in February 1919 to prepare together with Dmitri Manuilsky and a delegation of the Soviet Red Cross in Dunkirk ( France) repatriation intern Soviet soldiers. Armand and Manuilsky were arrested for contacts with the Third International, but was released after albeit difficult negotiations. 1920 was Inès Armand at the height of her political career. In the Bolshevik Central Committee, she led the women's section. Women made at that time about half of the party members. Also in the propaganda machine they took over important functions. In 1920, she was exhausted after a propaganda tour of the Soviet Union and was sent by Lenin with her son Andrei for recovery in the Caucasus. No sooner had they arrived in Kislovodsk, broke there from the Civil War. They were evacuated under chaotic conditions, and came after a tiring journey in Nalchik in Beslan on. There Armand infected with cholera.
At the age of 46 years Inès Armand Elisabeth died on 24 September 1920 in Nalchik. On October 11, her body was taken on a cart drawn by two white horses from the Moscow Rail Kazan to the city center. Lenin followed the hearse. At his instigation Nadia Krupskaya had written an obituary for Pravda. On October 12, 1920 Inès Armand was buried in a common grave near the Kremlin wall in Moscow. Your final resting place she found between the journalist John Reed and the pediatrician Ivan Rusakov.
Films
- With life Inès Armands, the resulting 1980 film Lenin deal in Paris ( with Claude Jade as Inessa Armand ) and the resulting 1988 TV miniseries The train ( with Dominique Sanda as Inessa Armand )