Lactarius fuliginosus
Rußfarbener Milchling ( Lactarius fuliginosus )
The Rußfarbene Milchling ( Lactarius fuliginosus ) is a species of fungus in the family Täublingsverwandten ( Russulaceae ). It is a medium sized Milchling with a feinsamtigen, gray brown hat, whose flesh is pink stains in injury. You can find the Milchling August to October, more or less nutrient-rich beech - or, more rarely also in spruce forests. The Milchling is unpalatable because of its sharpening union and bitter taste. It is also called Sooty or Rußstieliger Milchling.
- 5.1 Infra Generic Systematics
- 5.2 varieties
- 7.1 Literature
- 7.2 Notes and references
Features
Macroscopic characteristics
The dünnfleischige hat is 4-8 (10 ) cm wide, young, almost hemispherical, later convex to expanded and deepened more or less funnel-shaped in age. The matt or feinsamtig to deer leather-like surface is nut-brown, umbrafarben or colored dark gray, but never quite black. Most of the hat is more or less plain, but sometimes he also has smaller, darker spots. The border is long, inflected and smooth, even partial slightly notched in old age.
The often forked lamellae are initially off-white, later cream ocher. They are moderately crowded to be easily removed and are grown wide at the stem or running slightly reduced because their edges are smooth.
The cylindrical stem is 3-5 (8 ) cm long and 0.8-1.5 (2 ) cm wide. He is full of young, but he will soon kammerig - hollow. The surface is smooth, matt and pale gray-brown and almost like the hat colored. At the top and towards the base he is sometimes more brightly colored, sometimes he also has a slight olive tint, and young fruit bodies are usually slightly lighter than the colored hat.
The whitish flesh discolors in the gate within 2-4 minutes of the stem base her salmon pink, but never so vivid crimson as is typical for the Rosa -up ends Milchling. The smell is faint and inconspicuous, the taste at first mild, then schärflich and often bitter, and astringent. The whitish milk reddens only in connection with the meat. It tastes only mild, bitter and then after 5-10 seconds schärflich to sharp.
Microscopic characteristics
The broadly elliptic to roundish spores are on average 8.1 to 8.4 microns long and 7.1-7.6 microns wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width ) is 1.0-1.2. The spores ornament is up to 1.0 (1.5 ) microns high and consists mainly of a few individual, irregularly shaped warts and burred serrated fins are mostly connected reticulate. The Hilarfleck but is often almost completely amyloid least in the outer part.
The cylindrical to clavate basidia measure 40-60 x 8-12 microns and are viersporig. Pleuro - and Makrozystiden missing, the blades cutting are sterile and with numerous, thin-walled, translucent, fusiform open until multiform Parazystiden. These are 25-55 microns long and 5-7 microns wide.
The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a 50-100 microns thick Trichoepithelium. The cylindrical hyphae are 20-60 microns long and 5-8 microns wide. The lower Huth Ouch layer ( Subpellis ) is 10-20 microns thick and pseudoparenchymatisch. It consists of more or less rounded cells. Sometimes come between the end cells and the rounded or isodiametric cells from an additional layer zylinderischer cells. The cells of the upper layers contain intracellular brown pigment.
Artabgrenzung
The species of section Plinthogali ( coral Milkcaps ) to which the Rußfarbene Milchling heard, are not always easy to distinguish. Especially the related and occurring at comparable locations Smoke colored Milchling (L. azonites ) looks very similar. This, however, has an irregularly bent, dickfleischigeren and usually lighter hat and a stem which is colored significantly brighter than the hat and sometimes even has a white background. In addition, the blades are often queradrig connected and the flesh reddens faster.
If the Rußfarbene Milchling grows in the coniferous forest, you might be confused, whose fruiting bodies are considerably darker in color to almost black him with the pitch black Milchling (L. picinus ). Moreover, his hat and his stick has a more velvety surface and the slats are concise and are colored almost white in young fruit bodies.
Also very similar is the dark brown beech Milchling (L. romagnesii ), which is held by many authors to be synonymous. Both species occur at comparable locations and can only be held with the microscope safely apart. When Rußfarbenen Milchling the spore ornament more than 1.5 microns is high, while it is up to 2.5 microns high at the dark brown beech Milchling. The hat skin is structured differently in both fungi. In nature, you can see the dark brown beech Milchling mind that his milk to the touch pulls gummy threads.
Ecology
The Rußfarbene Milchling is a mycorrhizal fungus, the with beech, rarely also with spruce enters into a symbiotic partnership in the first place. Very rarely, other conifers, birch, hazel or oak can serve as host.
The Milchling is a species of mesophilic preferably, domestic beech forests. He prefers more or less fresh, base to base rich poor, weak to moderate nutrient-rich brown earths. Sometimes he can be together with beech and / or spruce can also be found in hornbeam - oak, deciduous forests or forests. The fruiting body usually appear from late July to late October.
Dissemination
The Rußfarbene Milchling was in North Asia (Japan), North Africa (Morocco ), North America (USA ) and Europe demonstrated. In Europe, the Milchling is indeed widespread, but rare. In the west it occurs in France, the Benelux countries and the UK. In the Benelux countries, it is rare to very rare in the UK and Ireland, it is widely distributed, but different densely distributed and particularly on the Irish island rarely. In Central Europe the Milchling was detected in all countries, but is nowhere common. In the north it is supposed to be rare overall in Fennoscandia and Estonia, but can occur locally common. In Norway, it is common in the north to the North Cape and in Sweden to southern Lapland.
In Germany the Milchling of the coast is widely scattered to the Alps, but on the whole rare. In North Rhine -Westphalia and Mecklenburg- Western Pomerania Milchling is on the red list ( RL3 ). In Austria the Rußfarbene Milchling is slightly more common and widespread in Switzerland, but also not common.
System
The Russ Brown Milchling described in 1782 by Johann Caspar Krapf as Agaricus fuliginosus and 1821 sanctioned by Elias Magnus Fries in his work Systema Mycologicum. In 1838, Fries him in his work " epicrisis systematis mycologici " in the genus Lactarius, so he got his currently valid scientific names. Lactifluus fuliginosus ( Fr.: Fr ) Kuntze (1891 ) and Galorrheus fuliginosus ( donut ) P. Kummer (1871 ) are two nomenclatural synonyms.
The name Lactarius fuliginosus was purchased by some authors also misinterpreted and to other taxa. Thus, L. fuliginosus refers within the meaning of Bresadola, L. fuliginosus var montanus Neuhoff and L. fuliginosus ssp. picinus (Fr.) Konrad & Maubl. on L. picinus, the pitch black Milchling and Lactarius fuliginosus f speciosus JE Long and partly also in the sense of L. fuliginosus Neuhoff (1956 ) on Lactarius romagnesii Bon, the dark brown beech Milchling, a taxon that keep ' Lactarius fuliginosus some authors to be synonymous. Many authors also keep the taxon Lactarius azonites for synonyms.
The Latin Artattribut ( epithet ) fuliginosus can be " sooty " translated as " full of soot ," or and refers as well as the German name on the soot -like color of the milk -form.
Infra Generic Systematics
Bon represents the Russ horror Milchling in the section Fuliginosi, Heilmann -Clausen and Basso set the Milchling in the section Plinthogali standing with them within the subgenus Plinthogalus. The coral Milkcaps, as it is called, the representatives of the section or sub-genus also have a white milk, the pink on exposure to air or reddish brown. Their hats are cafe au lait brown, brown to sooty black-brown colored, and usually more or less feinsamtig.
Varieties
L. fuliginosus var albipes Lge. ex M. Bon has a white-colored handle as opposed to the type and grows in an oak forest. He is now the smoke -colored Milchling L. azonites to sorted.
Importance
The Rußfarbene Milchling is not an edible mushroom.