Lactarius indigo
Indigo saffron milk cap ( Lactarius indigo )
The Indigo saffron milk cap ( Lactarius indigo ) is a species of fungus in the family Täublingsverwandten. The Milchling is widespread in eastern North America, Central America and in East Asia. From Europe only occurrence in the south of France are known so far. The fungus grows in both deciduous and coniferous forests in where it forms mycorrhizae with various tree species. The color ranges from dark blue in young specimens up to a pale blue-gray in older fruiting bodies. The case of injury to the pulp exiting, as well as indigo blue milk greenish discoloration of contact with air. The hat measures typically 5 to 15 cm in diameter, the stem is 2-8 cm high and 1 to 2.5 cm thick. The fungus is edible and is offered at farmers' markets in Mexico, Guatemala and China.
- 3.1 edibility
- 3.2 Chemical composition
- 6.1 Literature
- 6.2 Notes and references
Features
Macroscopic characteristics
The hat of the fruit body is 5-15 cm broad, at first convex, and gradually developed a flat funnel shape. At the age he is even pushed even more, with the edge bulges upward. In the young state of the hat brim is curled inwards, and unfolds but raise when the fungus grows. In young specimens the hat is indigo blue, but in old mushroom gray blue or silver blue, sometimes with greenish spots. He is frequently annular zoned out with dark blue patches on the brim. The caps young specimens have a sticky surface.
The flesh is pale bluish green and turns slowly on contact with air; its taste is mild to slightly bitter. The meat of the whole fungus is brittle and the stem breaks cleanly when you turn it. Emerging from injuries milk is also indigo blue and greenish colors the gate; as well as the meat it tastes mild. Lactarius indigo is known not to produce as much milk as other Lactarius species, including old copies can be so dry that they secrete no more milk.
The lamellae are grown on the stem or slightly arched, and are crowded together tightly. Their color ranges from indigo blue in the young stage to a pale blue-gray in age, occur -green spots on if damaged. The stem is 2-6 cm high and 1.2,5 cm thick, the diameter over the entire stem equal or sometimes at the base somewhat lower. The handle is also colored indigo - up siber and gray blue. The inside of the stem is initially firm and compact, but at the age he is often hollow. Like the hat he is sticky or slimy at first, but later dries off. Normally, the hat is centrally grow on the stem, but can be moved remotely. The fruiting bodies of the Indigo Reizkers have no particular odor.
Lactarius indigo var diminutivus (the " Little Indigo Reizker ", English:. Smaller indigo milk cap ), a smaller subspecies with hats of 3-7 cm in diameter and stem height of 1.5-4 cm, is frequently found in Virginia. Helser and Smith, who described the subspecies was the first to notice this than typical habitat " along the edges of muddy trenches under grasses and herbs with incense pines in the area ( along [ the] sides of a muddy ditch under grasses and weeds, [with ] loblolly pine nearby ). "
Microscopic characteristics
The spore print is cream to yellow. Seen under the light microscope, the spores are transparent ( hyaline ), they are elliptical to almost round with amyloid warts and have dimensions of about 7-9 times 5.5-7.5 microns. Scanning electron microscopy shows Runzelkörner on the surface of the spores. The hymenium is the spore producing tissue of the fruiting body and consists of hyphae that extend to the blades out. In Hymenium different cell types were found and the cells exhibit microscopic characteristics by which one can identify or distinguish species where the macroscopic characteristics are not unique. The spore- bearing cells, the basidia bear four spores, and measure 37-45 microns in length by 8-10 microns wide. So-called cystidia are the terminal cells of the hyphae in the hymenium, which do not produce spores, but the spores are spread around and worry spores developing the necessary moisture. The pleurocystidia are cystidia found on the fins themselves; they measure 40-56 times from 6.4 to 8 microns are roughly spindle- shaped and have constricted peaks. The cheilocystidia to the edges of the slats are common and have dimensions of 40 to 45.6 times from 5.6 to 7.2 microns.
Distribution and ecology
The Infigo - Reizker is common in the southern and eastern North America, and is often found along the Gulf of Mexico and in Mexico. Its distribution in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States has been described as " occasional to locally common ( occasional to locally common) ". Arora writes that the species is found in the United States in ponderosa pines in Arizona, but lacking in the California ponderosa pine forests. The species was also found in oak forests in China, India, Guatemala and Costa Rica. A study on the seasonal occurrence of L. indigo in the subtropical forests of Xalapa / Mexico showed that the maximum production of fruit bodies coincides with the rainy season from June to September.
L. indigo forms mycorrhizae and therefore goes with the roots of various tree species form a symbiosis in which the fungus exchanges minerals and amino acids from the floor against fixed carbon to the host tree. The underground hyphae of the fungus clamp a web of tissue, so-called Ektomykorrhizum to the roots of the tree - a close mutual relationship which is particularly suitable for the host is advantageous since the fungus produces enzymes organic compounds mineralize and so the transport of allow nutrients to the tree.
Due to their close symbiosis with trees, the fruit body of the Indigo Reizkers typically found on the ground, scattered or in groups, in both deciduous and coniferous forests in. You can find the fungus also commonly used in flood plains that were recently flooded. In Mexico communities with Mexican alder ( Alnus jorullensis ), American hornbeam, Virginian Hornbeam were observed while keeping the fungus in Guatemala on Pinus pseudostrobus and other pine and oak species also ( Ostrya virginiana) and Amber trees. In Costa Rica, the Indigo is a Reizker compounds with various species of oak. Under controlled laboratory conditions, it was shown that L. indigo hartwegii connections with the Neotropical species of pine Mexican White Pine, Pinus, Pinus oocarpa, Pinus pseudostrobus and also enters with Eurasian species such as Aleppo pine, black pine, maritime pine and Scots pine.
Importance
Feed value
Although the indigo is known as saffron milk cap edible kind, the opinions differ as to its food value. For example, calls the American mycologist David Arora him "excellent (superior edible ) ," while a guide for mushrooms in Kansas him with " medium quality ( mediocre in quality) " rated. He can taste slightly bitter or peppery and has a coarse, grainy texture. The firm flesh is best prepared by cutting the mushrooms into thin slices. When cooking, the blue color disappears and the fungus is gray. Because of the granular meat of the fungus is not easy to dry. Specimens with particularly abundant milk content suitable for the dyeing of marinades.
In Mexico, wild indigo Reizker is typically collected from June to November for the sale, where they are considered edible mushroom second choice. The Indigo Reizker is also offered in Guatemala by May to October markets. He is one of 13 Lactarius varieties that are sold in Yunnan in southwest China.
Chemical composition
A chemical analysis of the Mexican specimens showed that L. indigo contains 95.1 % moisture, 4.3 mg per gram of fat mass and 13.4 mg of protein. It contained 18.7 mg of dietary fiber, much more than for example in breeding mushroom, which contains only 6.6 mg. In comparison with three other wild occurring fungal species were also examined in this study ( blusher, Boletus frostii and Ramaria flava ), had the Indigo Reizker 32.1 mg / g of the highest content of saturated fatty acids, including stearic acid - a little more than half the total content of free fatty acids.
The blue color of indigo Reizkers is caused by the molecule (7 -isopropenyl -4- methylazulene -1 -yl) methyl stearate, an organic complex called azulene. The molecule occurs only in Indigo Reizker, but is similar to a compound that has been found in the precious saffron milk cap.
Taxonomy and naming
Described in 1822 by the American mycologist Lewis David von Schweinitz as Agaricus indigo, the type assigned to the genus Lactarius 1838, of which Sweden Elias Magnus Fries. The German botanist Otto Kuntze named the species in his book revisions Generum Plantarum 1891 Lactifluus indigo, but this name change was not taken up by other authors. In their study on the North American species of Lactarius from 1960 defined Hesler and Smith L. indigo as the type species of the subdivision Caerulei, a group that is characterized by blue milk and a sticky, blue hat. In 1979, she withdrew her opinion about the subdivisions of the species Lactarius indigo L. and placed instead in the subgenus Lactarius one, based on the color of milk and its color change could be observed in contact with air. You agree to:
" The gradual development of blue needs to violet pigmentation, as one moves from species to species, is an interesting phenomenon which further research. The climax is reached in L. indigo, which is blue through and through. L. chelidonium and its varieties chelidonioides, L. paradoxus, and L. hemicyaneus can as milestones on the way to L. indigo be considered. (The gradual development of blue to violet pigmentation as one progresses from species to species is an interesting phenomenon deserving Further study. the climax is reached in L. indigo Which is blue throughout. L. chelidonium and its variety chelidonioides, L. paradoxus, and L. hemicyaneus ' may be Considered as mileposts along the road to L. indigo ). "
The species name indigo refers to the Latin term for " indigo blue ".
Artabgrenzung
The characteristic blue color of the fruiting body and the milk make this kind readily determinable. Other types of Lactarius with blue color include L. paradoxus from eastern North America, in the young stage has a gray-blue hat, but has reddish brown to purple fins and milk. L. chelidonium has a yellowish to gray- blue hat and yellow-brown milk. L. quieticolor has a reddish gray to zimtbraunen hat with blue flesh and orange flesh in the stem base. Although the blue coloration of L. indigo is considered 'rare within the genus Lactarius, 2007, five new species with bläuender milk or meat bläuendem were found on the Malay Peninsula: Lactarius cyanescens, L. lazulinus, L. mirabilis and two yet unnamed species.