List of language regulators

Under a Language Commission (including language regulator ) is defined as a formal, mostly state-owned institution that observed the language of one or more countries or regions and thus new words and expressions that are used in everyday use, in a list of the most used words in this language and provides expressions. More work area is to modernize this language, for example by spelling reforms, or generally define the spelling of the language. If dialects in a language exist, or existed, even this as a cultural of the present, or the past are listed. Sometimes in the existing alphabet new letters are introduced ( such as the Swedish Academy, 2008, the "w" into Swedish officially introduced ), or deleted (such as in 1919 in the Soviet Union), or even the entire alphabet restructured (such as in Turkey from the Arabic to the Latin alphabet by command of Kemal Ataturk ). Or an existing character is redefined for use (such as 2008 in the German "ß " may now be officially used as an uppercase letter ).

Language regulators are official institutions as points of reference when it comes to general questions about the language. They represent the language in regions where the language is not spoken. They also provide so-called " language certificates ", which are required by immigration authorities or universities in other countries with other languages ​​for permanent residence or for study permissions. Relatively simple, clear and unambiguous is the handling when it comes to a language that refers only to one or more countries. It becomes more difficult when one and the same language is spoken in many countries. In such a case there is an international cooperation to establish what is now part of the language and what is now the default language (for example: standard German, standard French) can be interpreted and what is not. However, decisions of a Language Commission are not necessarily absolutely binding: for example, was and is the new German spelling in the official German-speaking countries Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein, but not for German language minorities, such as in Namibia, where German is not spoken, it but is not declared as an official language - and there also can not be officially introduced for this reason. In addition, the new German spelling was thus not binding on the holistic Switzerland, as that Switzerland was not " banished " from the German alphabet even before the reform never a "ß" and used a utility of this point, yes.

In principle, almost all languages ​​have a global institution as a representative of the language. The following exceptions apply:

• The English language, the official knows to this day not all English-speaking countries recognized institute. That is why in English for the foreseeable future no spelling reform, etc. to be expected because there is no " binding " authority. Also is not declared in the U.S. Constitution as an official language as English in the United States. The U.S. has - at least officially - not an official language. However nevertheless be language certificates as exhibited, for example the so-called " TOEFL ", which are also recognized internationally.
• Although the Japanese language also has no official institute of the Japanese language, but de facto are the Japanese Ministry of Education guidelines for the Japanese before.
• Latin also has no voice regulator; in any event, the Vatican City has no such thing. Maybe you could Opus Fundatum Latinitas interpreted as an Institute.

Competence and sense question

Partial highly controversial is the question of how the meaning and especially the competence of language is classified commissions. A very strong main argument against such commissions is that language is a folklore and is therefore not so easy to determine how you have to read and write. Language is not static, but dynamic. For example, resulted in the German state of Schleswig -Holstein, a referendum to the fact that there, in opposition to the decision by the Council of German orthography, is still taught and written the previous old German spelling. The English language has experienced over many centuries partly large linguistic breaks, although this has never been held by a commission, reviewed or approved: Whole declensions, pronouns and cases disappeared (except for the Saxon genitive ) over the centuries by itself Language Commissions could thus at most the "History" and the dynamics of a language log later, but never make laws, since they lack the expertise.

List

• Afrikaans: Taalkommissie
• Älvdalisch: Ulum Dalska
• Arabic: Academy of the Arabic language ( مجمع اللغة العربية )
• Aragonese: Academia de l' Aragonés
• Asturian: Academia Asturiana de la Llingua
• Bengali: Paschimbanga Bangla Academy, Kolkata, West Bengali or Bangla Academy, Dhaka, Bangladesh
• Basque: Euskaltzaindia
• Burmese: Language Commission of Myanmar
• Bulgarian: Bulgarian Language Institute
• Chinese, Mandarin: State language and letters Commission
• Danish: Dansk Sprognævn
• German: Council for German Orthography, Goethe Institute, Duden; Austrian in Austria dictionary
• English: No Institute
• Estonian: Emakeele Seltsi keeletoimkond, and the Institute of the Estonian Language
• Faroese: Føroyska málnevndin
• Finnish: Kielitoimisto
• French: Académie française, Office québécois de la langue française, and the Institut Français, DALF DELF program
• Galician: Real Academia Galega
• Hebrew Academy of the Hebrew Language
• Hindi: Central Hindi Directorate
• Icelandic: Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies
• Indonesian: Pusat Bahasa
• Irish: Foras na Gaeilge
• Italian: Accademia della Crusca
• Japanese: supra
• Yiddish: Yidisher visnshaftlekher institute
• Kannada: There are various academies of the Government of Karnataka
• Kashubian: Radzëzna Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka
• Catalan: Institut d' Estudis Catalans, and Academia Valenciana de la Llengua
• Korean: Korean National Institute of the Korean Language
• Cornish: Agan Tavas, Cussel to Tavas Kernuak and Kesva to Taves Kernewek
• Croatian: Vijece za normu hrvatskoga standardnog jezika
• Latvian: valsts Valodas Centrs
• Lithuanian: Valstybinė lietuvių Kalbos komisija
• Malay: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
• Maltese: Akkademja tal- Malti
• Māori: Maori Language Commission
• Norwegian: Norwegian Council for language
• Occitan: Conselh de la lenga Occitana
• Persian: Academy of Persian Language & Literature, and the Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
• Polish: Rada Języka Polskiego
• Portuguese: Academia Brasileira de Letras, Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Classe de Letras
• Romanian: Institutul de Lingvisticǎ al Academiei novels, as well as Academia de Ştiinţe a Moldovei
• Russian: Russian Language Institute
• Scots: Scots Tung and the Ulster Scots Agency and Ulster Scots -
• Scottish Gaelic: Bord na Gàidhlig
• Serbian: Matica Srpska Council for Standardization of the Serbian Language
• Sindhi: Sindhische language authority
• Slovak: Slovak Academy
• Slovenian: Slovenian Academy
• Spanish: Asociación de Lengua Española de la Academias
• Swahili: Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa
• Swedish: Swedish Language Council, Svenska Svenska språkbyrån and Academies
• Tetum: National Institute of Linguistics
• Thai: Royal Institute of Thailand
• Czech: Ústav per jazyk český Ved Ceske Republiky Academy (Institute for Czech Language of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic)
• Turkish: Türk Dil Kurumu ( Turkish Language Society )
• Ukrainian: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
• Urdu: National Language Authority of Pakistan
• Võro: Võroinstitut
• Waray Waray -: Sanghiran San Binisaya ha Samar ug Leyte
• West Frisian: Fryske Academy
• Wolof: Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar
• Yoruba: Yoruba Academy

List of language authorities of artificial languages

• Esperanto: Academy of Esperanto
• Ido: Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido
• Klingon: Klingon Language Institute
• Lojbanisch: Lojbanische language group