Papal Mass
As a papal Mass (Latin: missa papalis ) those solemn form of Pontifikalamts is called, which projects the Pope as celebrant. Before significant simplifications were made to the Pope liturgy with the liturgical reforms following the Second Vatican Council, this had kept for centuries in principle the same shape.
Earlier form
Due to the role of the Pope as sovereign of the Papal States and its universal claim as head of the princes an extensive royal household had arisen at the papal palace over the centuries. The court ceremonial also coined the liturgy of the Papal Masses. This particularly came in the use of silver trumpets, the homage of the Pope by present clergy and rites as the Vorkostung ( praegustatio ) the Eucharist expressed. At the liturgy had after strict ceremony, members of the Papal Chapel ( Cappella Pontificia ) and members of the papal retinue with.
Sequence until the reform in the 1970s
The catchment
The celebration began with the reception of the Pope in the vestibule of St. Peter's Basilica. In the cathedral announced a fanfare, which was played by officers of the Noble Guard on silver trumpets, to the Pope's arrival. Then the collection took place in the Basilica, in a well-defined order of procession: First came one of the papal master of ceremonies, flanked by procurators of colleges and two Swiss Guards. Then followed the Apostolic Preaching and confessors of the papal family, who belonged to the Servite Order. They were followed by the Procurators General of the religious orders in the Habit, then the chaplains who wore the mitres of the Pope. Behind them were the singers of the papal chapel. According to them, the auditors of the Roman Rota came. The recent Auditor served as Apostolic subdeacon and carried the processional cross. Seven voter of the Apostolic Signatura surrounded him as candlesticks carrier. The bishop seven candles will carry forward back to a custom which has survived even in the city of the Roman liturgy of the early Church.
Another Auditor as subdeacon followed this group together with a subdeacon and a deacon of the Byzantine rite. The clergy of the Byzantine rite had the task to present the readings in Greek. According to them, the confessors of St. Peter at their head two clerics with long flower-filled bars, a symbol of the judicial power of the confessors came. Then came, with white mitres and cloaks choir dressed the abbots, bishops and archbishops who were not wizards throne, followed by the bishops and archbishops of the Eastern rites. They were joined by the bishops and archbishops of the throne were wizards, and the patriarch. This was followed by the Cardinals, the first cardinal deacons in dalmatics, then the cardinal priests in chasubles, finally, the cardinal bishops in the choir coat.
One of the cardinal bishops, usually of Ostia, acted in the show as a presbyter assistive least. Thereafter, the Vice - Camerlengo and a Roman prince came (usually from the families Colonna or Orsini ), who acted as assistant throne. Behind them were the two assistive cardinal deacons and cardinal deacon, who exercised the liturgical ministry of the deacon in the fair. They were followed by the Pope on the Sedia gestatoria, the papal sedan chair. This was supported by twelve Palafrenieri in red Damastgewändern. Eight trainees of the Apostolic Signatura carried the canopy over the Sedia. The Pope was dressed at that time with the Falda, Amikt, alb, cincture, stole and choir coat and wore the tiara on his head. The Pope was followed by soldiers of the Swiss Guard, officers of the Noble Guard and other people of the papal court. Behind him, two secret chamberlain, who bore the Flabelli, then the dean of the Roman Rota with the jewel occupy miter of the Pope, according to him, the Auditor General of the Pontifical chamber and the maggiordomo, behind this the Apostolic Proto notaries and finally the Generals.
Arriving in the midst of the Basilica, the Pope left the Sedia and one of assistive cardinal deacons took the tiara from her and sat him on the miter. The Pope then went to the so-called " Throne of the third ." This was a second, smaller throne, who was near the altar on the epistle side. On it sat the Pope, while the third was sung. The other procession participants took their seats. Watch for signs of Zeremoniars the cardinals, bishops, and abbots raised again to pay homage to the Pope their homage. First, the Cardinals, kissed the ring of the Pope arrived. This was followed by the bishops, who worshiped the cross on the stole of the pope in the same way. The abbots finally kissed the Pope 's feet.
Third
After the tribute, the Pope opened the third. During the third, the Pope went to the Pontifikalschuhe and spoke the preparation prayers for the celebrant of the Mass. Then he sang the Oration of the third. Then he put on the sacred vestments for the celebration of mass. For the procession from the throne of the third to the altar, the Pope then put an incense.
Celebration of Mass
The procession proceeds to the altar was an auditor of the Rota with the Papal Cross. As in the catchment procession, he was accompanied by seven candlesticks carriers. They were followed by the apostolic subdeacon with the Gospel Book, the right of the Greek subdeacon, deacon of the Greek left. Behind him, the assistive cardinal bishop and cardinal deacon who performed the liturgical ministry of the deacon. Then came the Pope, flanked by the assistive cardinal deacons and other services that kept the long robes, the Pope. The conclusion made by the Dean of the Roman Rota and the archbishops who were throne wizard. On the way to the altar, the Pope came to meet the three youngest cardinal deacons, who gave him the kiss of peace.
At the altar, the choir sang the Introit arrived, while the Pope steps Confiteor prayer and prayed. Here, the assistive cardinal bishop stood on his right and acting as deacon cardinal deacon to his left. Then the apostolic subdeacon put the Pope on the maniple. In the Coronation Mass of Pope followed at this point the coronation prayers of the three oldest cardinal bishops. The assistive cardinal bishop handed the Pope now the open Gospel book, which this revered by a kiss. Then the Pope inzensierte the altar, he himself was incensed and exchanged with the assistance of the kiss of peace.
The Pope went now to the throne in the apse. The apostolic subdeacon and deacon acting as cardinal deacon were left at the altar. On the throne of the Pope read the Introit and spoke with the assistant turns the Kyrie. The fair now followed the procedure in the Extraordinary Form. The Kyrie was followed by the Gloria, which was sung by the Pope and sung by the choir. He was followed by the Oration, which also sang the Pope. In the Coronation Mass, the cardinal deacon with auditors of the Rota went to Peter's grave and sang a short litany.
The Epistle. This was sung by the subdeacon. In the papal Mass, he stood in the presbytery at the end of the bank in which sat the cardinal priests. Had he finished, the Greek subdeacon came to his side and repeated the reading in the Greek language. The epistle was followed by the gradual and alleluia or tract, during which the Pope was reading at the throne for himself Epistle Between songs and gospel. Then the gospel was solemnly proclaimed. For this, the acting as deacon cardinal deacon came to the Pope and kissed his hand. Then he went to the altar, on which lay the Gospel Book. He knelt down on the top step, and prayed the prayers in preparation for the Gospel. Before the altar now candlesticks winners presented on while a Thuriferar to the throne went. There the Pope incense put a. The censer bearer now went to the Ceroferaren at the altar. Together with the Apostolic subdeacon and the cardinal deacon with the Gospel Book draw all to the throne. There, the cardinal deacon asks for the blessing. All then drag to the bank of the cardinal deacons, where the cardinal deacon with the Gospel Book put this on a desk and sang the gospel. Hate he ends the lecture, he walked away with five candlestick makers. The other two remained for the proclamation of the Gospel in the Greek language.
Had the Greek deacon finished the lecture, the Greek and Latin subdeacon took the Gospels and went with them to the Pope, who adored her with a kiss. At this point, followed, if provided, the homily. Otherwise, the Pope immediately agreed to the creed. After the spot et incarnatus est ("and was incarnate " ) spread Apostolic subdeacon and deacon over the altar a large, goldumrandetes cloth, called Incarnatus from. The subdeacon then went to the sideboard of the papal sacristan and took the corporal, two Purifikatorien and a ciborium there and handed them over to the deacon. This put everything on the altar, and spread the corporal out. The sacristan was chalice, paten, two Purifikatorien and a small silver spoon to the sideboard of the Pope, while he wrapped his hands with a velum. In this passage he was accompanied by an acolyte of the empty measuring jug and wore a small calyx. On the sideboard the Pope now appeared the papal butler, who cleaned the liturgical devices with the Sacristan. The cupbearer then tasted of wine and water, and poured both into the measuring jug. The acolyte brought this to the altar, the Sacristan followed with a chalice, paten and spoon. The deacon took the vessel now hosts three and put them on the paten.
There now followed by the Offertory. The Pope put to the Pontifikalhandschuhe from the sink. In a canonization now followed the great sacrifice in which gifts of bread and wine, according to the biblical model as well as turtle doves were brought to the altar. When multiple Blessed canonized in a trade show, so followed a separate sacrifice for each.
Then followed by courtly ceremonial the Vorkostung of the gifts, the so-called praegustatio. For this, the deacon the Sacristan were two of the three hosts ready set, the turn for the Pope took this. Then, the Sacristan cost before the wine.
The Pope went now to the altar and worshiped it with a kiss and with incense. Subsequently, he was himself incensed, according to him, all the other clergy and the people present. The course now followed the normal conduct of the celebration of Mass in the Roman Rite. Notwithstanding this, the elevation was completed three times ( forward, right and left).
After the prayer for peace and the kiss of peace, the Pope went back to the throne. Only there he received communion. The deacon at the altar took the paten, on which lay the broken wafer and lifted her gently in order to show them to the people. Then he handed it to the subdeacon, who enveloped with the velum. Thus, the velum did not touch the holy communion, a so-called wildcard zwölfstrahliger was placed on the paten. The subdeacon and deacon went now to the throne on which the Pope knelt. The Pope sumierte a part of the host, and then the wine, taking a fistula, a drinking tube made use of. The second part of the host broke the Pope and handed the deacon and subdeacon respectively the half. The people and the other clerics were not communicating in the papal Mass usually, exceptions were Easter and Christmas. Subdeacon and deacon now went back to the altar, sumierten the rest of the Eucharistic wine there and purifizierten the devices, and then the hands ( Ablution ). Likewise, the Pope cleaned hands. He was helped to the throne assistant who put on him the miter.
To Postcommunio the Pope returned to the altar. He sang the closing prayer, then the deacon dismissed the faithful with the reputation Ite, missa est. If not the blessing Urbi et orbi is granted, the Pope said, now the Schlussegen. The assistive cardinal bishop asked the Pope means the provision of a plenary indulgence to all participating believers.
Finally, still followed the final gospel, the prologue of John. At Easter, a suspension of relics found this place on the porch of one of the pillars of the dome. The Pope took off after the final gospel pallium and maniple and performed at the altar, the prayer of thanksgiving. The deacon then sat him on the miter and gave him gloves and fisherman's ring. The Pope then went back to the Sedia gestatoria, where he still received a symbolic alms to the celebrated fair. Then the extract was followed in the same manner as the feeder.
Today's form
In the liturgical reform was also the liturgy of the papal Mass, as the bishop fairs in general, considerably simplified. The court ceremony was canceled, the Papal chapel and the royal household ( Pontifical Family) rearranged, with many services, such as the spiritual throne assistants were dropped. The tiara is since Paul VI. no longer be borne, the no longer used Sedia gestatoria increasingly rare and since John Paul II. The Noble Guard was disbanded. Instead, led by Pope Paul VI. analogous to the crosier of the bishops who innovates, that the Pope a crosier in his left hand contributes to the celebrated offices from him while in the centuries before the Ferula was carried ahead the Pope.
The solemn papal Mass is therefore today the solemn Mass Bishop essentially the same. The tradition of the Greek deacon was instituted by Pope Benedict XVI. on the occasion of its launch exhibition revived in the papacy. Benedict XVI. also introduced the tradition of assisting Cardinal Deacon again, flanking the right and left the papal throne. While such assistance services after the Ceremonial of Bishops ( Ceremonial of Bishops ) of deacons, or absence, of priests, but bear while the chasuble to be executed, the Cardinal deacons have received generally episcopal ordination and wear the miter, but no chasuble, but according to ancient tradition, the dalmatic deacons.
Major events
Shaping the public image of the Papal Masses today are the major events that were celebrated especially since the pontificate of John Paul II. Even at times of Pope Paul VI. this was criticized for his coronation ceremony outdoors in front of St. Peter's Basilica took place ( the interior was then converted to the Council Hall ). The papal fairs outdoors in front of often hundreds of thousands of believers developed however to today's typical form of the papal Mass (although they must be separated from the liturgical term clear).
In addition, the nature of the Communion reception at the major papal events has been criticized in the past on several occasions. At the closing Mass of World Youth Day 2008 in Sydney asked Pope Benedict XVI. ensuring that all those for whom he will donate the Communion, they should receive kneeling and in the shape of the mouth Communion, and wished that the Communion will receive as mouth communion, as the reception could result in a standing position and as a hand communion to a lack of reverence. On December 24, In 2010, Benedict XVI. the indult for Communion in the hand at all Masses with the Holy Father suspended.