Proto-Greek language

As Urgriechisch (Greek πρωτοελληνική γλώσσα ) a hypothetical language of the Greek state is referred to, can be considered a common predecessor of the Mycenaean and later Greek dialects Doric, Aeolic, and Attic. It was probably spoken in the late 3rd millennium BC by the Indo-European groups in the Balkans, which later moved in several waves of migration to the south in the area of present-day Greece. It shows the Greek of the Dorians, who had remained nearly 1000 years longer in the home country, in part a more archaic level than the Mycenaean, that is, it is even closer to the " original Greek ". Urgriechisch is not in the form of inscriptions or similar. recorded, but can be opened up in part due to the known sound shifts and other general linguistic regularities.

Many have structural and phonetic similarities of the early Greek and Vedic Sanskrit suggest that the respective predecessor languages ​​Urgriechisch and Urindoiranisch the common trunk language of the entire Indo-European language family, the Primitive Indo-European, still relatively close were.

Morphology

Noun

The urindogermanische dative, ablative, locative and instrumental blend for dating.

The plural form of the nominative, -oi and -ai replaces the späturindogermanische OS and AS.

The superlative on - tatos can now be a substantive.

Pronoun

The pronouns houtos, ekeinos and cars occur.

Verbs

The Greek original language kept the augment, the prefix é -, in order to express the past. It shares this property with the Indo-Iranian languages ​​, which gives the sense of a theory of a gräkoiranischen original language.

The future and the aorist passive are introduced.

Infinitives occur on - and - go men.

Pay

  • "One": nominative * hens, genitive * hemos; Feminine * MHIA ( > myk. E -me / Hemei / ( dative ), Att -ion. Εἷς ( ἑνός ) μία ).
  • "Two": * Duwo ( > myk du- wo / Duwo /, Hom δύω, Att -ion δύο. .. )
  • "Three": nominative * tree, accusative trins ( > myk ti -ri / trins /, Att -ion τρεῖς, lesb τρής, kret τρέες. .. . )
  • "Four": nominative * kwetwores, genitive * kweturōn ( > Mycenaean qe -to -ro- we / kwetrōwes / att τέτταρες, ion τέσσερες, böot πέτταρες, lesb πίσυρες, dor τέτορες. .. .. . )
  • "Five": * kwenkwe (. > Att -ion πέντε, lesb, thess πέμπε. . )

Example

Eduard Schwyzer reconstructed in his Greek grammar (1939, I.74 -75) some well-known Greek text lines on urgriechisch. He had at that time not yet the current state of knowledge regarding the Mycenaean so that a more recent reconstruction in some cases would look different.

  • Greek language
  • Historical Linguistics
Greek alphabet Mycenaean Greek Aeolic Greek Attic Greek Doric Greek Ionic Greek Koine Greek Griko dialect Yevanic language Pontic Greek Tsakonian language Ablative case Locative case Instrumental case Augment (linguistics) Homer
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