Prunus

Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), with fruits

Prunus is a genus of the rose family ( Rosaceae ). In the scheme it is the only genus in the tribe Amygdaleae ( stone fruits ) dar. Prunus includes more than 200 species of trees and shrubs, including many important obstliefernde cultivated forms.

  • 6.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

The Prunus species are deciduous, rarely evergreen ( section Laurocerasus ) Trees and shrubs and reach depending on the type stature heights from 0.3 to 25 meters. Some of the species bears thorns. Some species form root sprouts.

The alternate and spiral, sometimes standing together in clusters, mostly distributed on the branches arranged leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. At the upper end of the petiole often sit conspicuous glands bumps that serve as extra-floral nectaries. The simple, flat leaf blades are shaped very differently depending on the type, leaflets and network annoying and are mostly herbaceous, rarely leathery. The leaf margin is usually serrate, rarely smooth or lobed. In some species the leaves are aromatic scented, for example, of bitter almonds. The leaf surfaces are usually not hairy. The two stipules are stable or fell, not with each other and not adherent to the petiole.

Generative features

The flowers are single, or usually too few to many in terminal or lateral, simple, racemose, or schimtraubigen doldigen inflorescences together. Usually they are on lateral short shoots and appear before or simultaneously with the leaves. There are no bracts present. Flower stems are long to very short or absent.

The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and fünfzählig with double perianth. The flower cup ( hypanthium ) is shaped differently. The five outstretched, green or brown sepals form inside mostly nectar and fall after flowering normally starting. The five white to pink, free petals are elliptical to circular, nailed, and they fall off before wilting. It is a discus available. The 10 to 100 fertile stamens are significantly different among themselves freely and not adherent to the petals. The single carpel is free in the hypanthium, a protective cup- like tube structure, at the outer edge then Ansitzen the sepals and petals. Each ovary contains 1-2 pendulous ovules anatrope. In double flowers two or three carpels may occur. The almost terminal stylus is straight and ends in a capitate or shield-shaped scar. Pollination is by Hymenoptera ( entomophily ).

In Prunus, the carpel is involved in fruiting. As pericarp differentiates the wall of the ovary in three different tissue zones: lignified endocarp and the forms the stone in which is then the actual seeds. The mesocarp forms the actual flesh and the exocarp generates the final epidermal skin of the fruit. This structure is typical of the stone fruits, which are often edible pulp is used agriculturally. The fruits when ripe yellow to orange, red to purple or almost black. The fruits can be hairy. The seeds have a hard seed coat ( testa). The distribution unit ( diaspore ) is the fruit that falls before the next growing season of the tree and of many animal species ( Zoochorie ), particularly birds is common.

Ingredients and chromosome number

The seeds are often cyanogenic glycosides by ( here mostly amygdalin ) toxic. In shoot and roots usually occurs Prunasin. Sorbitol is produced in larger quantities.

The basic number of chromosomes is x = 8, it is reported on the following Ploidiegraden: 2, 3, 4, 6, or 7 ( di -, tri-to heptaploid ).

Dissemination

The species are mainly found in the forests and deserts of the northern hemisphere, a considerable number of species occurs in the tropics.

System

Prunus was once considered only genus in the subfamily stone fruits ( Amygdaloideae ). Based on molecular genetic studies, this genus is, however, now provided as a tribe in the subfamily Amygdaleae Spiraeoideae.

There are different classifications for the genus. Some of the species have been divided into several genera, but this is not supported by molecular genetic work. The previous genera Padus, padellus, Cerasus, Amygdalus, Persica, armeniaca and Laurocerasus are therefore all integrated in Prunus and apply only as synonyms. The classical subdivision into five subgenera is supported by molecular genetic studies only partially, but it lacked a classification that lists only monophyletic taxa. Now the 90 species of the former genus Pygeum and the five species of the genus Maddenia are incorporated herein. A newer classification provides Wen et al. 2008th The genus thus contains about 250 species.

Only are synonyms for Prunus L.: Amygdalopersica Daniel, Amygdalophora M.Roem, Amygdalopsis M.Roem, Amygdalus L. armeniaca Scop, Cerapadus Buia, Ceraseidos sieve.. .. & Zucc. , Cerasus Mill, Emplectocladus Torr., Lauro - cerasus Duhamel, Laurocerasus M.Roem. , Maddenia Hook. f & Thomson, padellus Vassilcz. , Padus Mill, Mill Persica, Pygeum Gaertn. You have now partly the rank of the sections.

The subgenera and sections with selected species:

  • Subgenus Prunus: Section armeniaca: Prunus Ansu ( Maxim. ) Com
  • Apricot, apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)
  • Prunus brigantina Vill.
  • Prunus × dasycarpa Ehrh.
  • Prunus mandshurica ( Maxim. ) Koehne
  • Ume (Prunus mume sieve. & Zucc. )
  • Siberian apricot (Prunus sibirica L.)
  • Prunus besseyi L.H.Bailey
  • Prunus bifrons Fritsch
  • Prunus glandulosa Thunb.
  • Prunus humilis Bunge
  • Prunus jacquemontii Hook. f
  • Prunus japonica Thunb.
  • Prunus microcarpa C.A.Mey.
  • Procumbent cherry (Prunus prostrata Labill. )
  • Prunus tomentosa Thunb.
  • Prunus andersonii A. Gray
  • Prunus fremontii S.Watson
  • Sand cherry (Prunus pumila L.): It is native to North America.
  • Prunus bokhariensis Royle ex C.K.Schneid.
  • Cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. )
  • Prunus cocomilia Ten.
  • Prunus consociiflora C.K.Schneid.
  • Plum (Prunus domestica L.)
  • Chinese plum tree (Prunus salicina Lindl. )
  • Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.)
  • Prunus ursina Kotschy
  • Prunus vachuschtii Bregadze
  • Prunus alleghaniensis Porter
  • American wild plum (Prunus americana Marshall)
  • Prunus angustifolia Marshall
  • Prunus geniculata R.M.Harper
  • Prunus gracilis Engelm. & A. Gray
  • Prunus hortulana L.H.Bailey
  • Prunus maritima Marshall
  • Prunus mexicana S.Watson
  • Prunus munsoniana W.Wight & Hedrick
  • Prunus murrayana E.J.Palmer
  • Prunus nigra Aiton
  • Prunus rivularis Scheele
  • Prunus subcordata Benth.
  • Prunus texana Dietr.
  • Prunus umbellata Elliot
  • Cerasus section: Prunus alaica ( Pojark. ) Gilli
  • Prunus apetala ( Sieb. & Zucc. ) Franch. & Sav
  • Bird cherry (Prunus avium (L.) L.)
  • Taiwan cherry (Prunus campanulata Maxim. )
  • Prunus canescens Bois
  • Prunus cerasoides D.Don
  • Sour cherry, morello cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)
  • Prunus clarofolia C.K.Schneid.
  • Prunus concinna Koehne
  • Prunus conradinae Koehne
  • Prunus cyclamina Koehne
  • Prunus dielsiana C.K.Schneid.
  • Prunus emarginata ( Douglas ) Eaton
  • Dwarf cherry, steppe cherry (Prunus fruticosa Pall. )
  • Prunus glandulifolia Rupr. & Maxim.
  • Prunus himalaica Kitam.
  • Prunus incisa Thunb.
  • Prunus leveilleana Koehne
  • Amur Cherry ( Prunus maackii Rupr. )
  • St. Lucie cherry, rock cherry (Prunus mahaleb L.)
  • Prunus maximowiczii Rupr.
  • Prunus meyeri Rehder
  • Prunus nipponica Matsum.
  • Prunus pensylvanica L. f
  • Prunus pleiocerasus Koehne
  • Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl.
  • Prunus rufa Hook. f
  • Mountain Cherry ( Prunus sargentii Rehder )
  • Mahogany cherry (Prunus serrula Franch. )
  • Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus serrulata Lindl. )
  • Prunus setulosa Batalin
  • Prunus speciosa ( Koidz. ) Ingram
  • Prunus stipulacea Maxim.
  • Higan cherry (Prunus subhirtella Miq, Syn. Prunus pendula sieve ex Maxim. . )
  • Prunus takasagomontana Sasaki
  • Prunus takesimensis Nakai
  • Prunus trichostoma Koehne
  • Prunus × tschonoskii Koehne
  • Prunus turcomanica ( Pojark. ) Gilli
  • Prunus verecunda ( Koidz. ) Koehne
  • Prunus yedoensis Matsum
  • Prunus africana ( Hook. f ) Kalkman
  • Prunus brachypoda Batalin
  • Prunus buergeriana Miq.
  • Prunus caroliniana (Mill.) Aiton
  • Prunus ceylanica ( Wight ) Miq.
  • Prunus cornuta ( wall. ex Royle ) Steud.
  • Prunus grayana Maxim.
  • Prunus grisea (Blume ex garbage. Berol. ) Kalkman
  • Prunus ilicifolia ( Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn. ) D.Dietr.
  • Prunus incana ( Pall. ) Batsch
  • Prunus jenkinsii Hook. f & Thomson
  • Laurel cherry (Prunus laurocerasus L., Syn: Prunus grandifolia Salisb. )
  • Portuguese Cherry Laurel (Prunus lusitanica L.)
  • Prunus lyonii ( Eastw. ) coffin.
  • Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb. ( Syn. Prunus sphaerocarpa Sw. )
  • Prunus napaulensis ( Ser. ) Steud.
  • Prunus obtusata Koehne ( syn.. Prunus pubigera ( CKSchneid. ) Koehne, Prunus vaniotii H.Lév )
  • Bird cherry (Prunus padus L., Syn: Prunus racemosa Lam. )
  • Prunus phaeosticta ( Hance ) Maxim.
  • Prunus pubigera ( CKSchneid. ) Koehne ( syn. Prunus obtusata Koehne )
  • Black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh, Syn. Prunus capuli Cav, Prunus salicifolia Kunth, Prunus virens ( Wooton & Standlschmaus ) Shreve. . )
  • Prunus spinulosa sieve. & Zucc.
  • Prunus ssiori F.Schmidt
  • Prunus turneriana ( F.M.Bailey ) Kalkman
  • Bobwhite black cherry ( Prunus virginiana L.)
  • Prunus wilsonii ( Diels ex CKSchneid. ) Koehne ( syn. Prunus rufomicans Koehne )
  • Prunus zippeliana Miq.
  • Subgenus Amygdalus: Prunus arabica ( Olivier) Meikle
  • Silver Almond (Prunus argentea ( Lam.) Rehder )
  • Prunus brahuica ( Boiss. ) Aitch. & Hemsl.
  • Prunus bucharica ( Korsh. ) Hand. - Mazz.
  • Prunus davidiana ( Carrière ) Franch.
  • Almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb )
  • Prunus eburnea ( Spach ) Aitch.
  • Fenzls almond (Prunus fenzliana Fritsch )
  • Prunus ferganensis ( Kostov & Rjabov ) Kovalev & Kostov
  • Prunus haussknechtii C.K.Schneid.
  • Prunus havardii ( W.Wight ) S.C.Mason
  • Prunus kansuensis Rehder
  • Prunus kuramica ( Korsh. ) Kitam.
  • Prunus lycioides ( Spach ) C.K.Schneid.
  • Prunus microphylla ( Kunth ) Hemsl.
  • Prunus minutiflora Engelm. ex A. Gray
  • Prunus mira Koehne
  • Prunus mongolica Maxim.
  • Prunus pedunculata ( Pall. ) Maxim.
  • Peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch )
  • Prunus petunnikowii ( Litv. ) Rehder
  • Prunus scoparia ( Spach ) C.K.Schneid.
  • Prunus spinosissima ( Bunge) Franch.
  • Prunus tangutica ( Batalin ) Koehne
  • Dwarf almond (Prunus tenella Batsch )
  • Prunus texana D.Dietr.
  • Prunus trichamygdalus Hand. - Mazz.
  • Almond trees (Prunus triloba Lindl. )
  • Prunus turcomanica ( Lincz. ) Kitam.
  • Prunus webbii ( Spach ) Vierh.
  • Almond Peach ( Prunus × persicoides ( Ser. ) M.Vilm & Bois, Syn. Prunus × amygdalopersica ( Weston ) Rehder )
  • Subgenus Emplectocladus: Comes only in North America: Prunus fasciculata ( Torr. ) A. Gray

Use

In Central Europe, many exotic species of Prunus, are used because of their decorative leaves, flowers or branches partly because of their habitus, as ornamental plants. They are planted in parks, gardens and streets. In Japan the Cherry Blossom Festival Hanami plays an important cultural role.

Many species and cultivars, the fruits are used as fruit and for the production of spirits, such as cherries, plums, Mirabelle. From almonds, the cores are used. Some species provide beautiful wood, such as cherry wood. In some areas, different types are shape the landscape, the Schlehengäu is named after the wild sloe there often. In some species, the medical effects have been investigated.

Diseases

Various diseases occur in several subgenera. These include:

  • The European Stone Fruit Yellows ( apricot, plum, peach )
  • The fools disease ( Taphrina pruni: plums, black cherries, apricot)

For high lime content of the soil may cause iron deficiency especially for peaches and species-specific base jaundice ( chlorosis ). Excessive water intake or waterlogging trigger ( apricot) rubber flow especially in peach and apricot.

For Prunus species, many viruses are detected. These are usually transmitted by grafting, but also through root contact, mechanical transmission, aphids and nematodes rarely.

  • Ringspot viruses of cherry cause in many species leaf spots, yellowing, necrosis and enations and Knospenverkümmerung and other shape changes that are accompanied by local bark necroses and subsequent rubber flow. ( Stecklenberg disease Weidenblättrigkeit of plum, engine compression of the peach ).
  • The plum band mosaic virus causes leaf spots produced in many species.
  • The tomato black ring spot virus leads cherries, peach and almond to leaf spots, engine compressions and a total damage.
  • The raspberry ring spot virus triggers the same symptoms from ( Pfeffinger disease of cherries ).
  • The plum pox virus triggers the Sharka disease of plum, the next plums and apricot and peach infects and causes leaf spots and fruit damage.
  • Also leaf spots and fruit damage causes the virus of the Green Ringscheckung with cherries, cherry trees, peach and apricot and the line mosaic virus in plum, almond and peach.
  • Leaf roll virus damages the sheets and in addition affect the entire plant. It occurs mainly in cherries and peaches.
  • The virus of the Hungarian Raublättrigkeit, the Arabis mosaic virus and the virus of the corruptible and the Black Twig cancer have so far been detected only in fresh cherries.
  • The Rindenrissigkeits virus infects sweet cherry and plum.
  • The virus of ornamental cherry Stauche can be found in fresh cherry and Japanese flowering cherry.
  • The Apoplexis virus infects peach and apricot, which are individual branches or the entire plant can die after premature expulsion.
  • The Kleinfrüchtigkeits virus and the albino virus lead in many species to underdeveloped fruits. Certain varieties of Prunus serrulata Prunus erecta and have, despite infection with the virus show no symptoms and thus serve as a reservoir of infection.

Many viruses occurring in cherries and plums were discovered by the transfer to other plant species. Susceptibility of plums and cherries for viruses varies depending on the variety.

Among bacterial diseases is caused by Pseudomonas mors - prunorum triggered Vergilbungsbakteriose that leads to yellowing and curling of the leaves, especially worth mentioning, as well as the leaves and sprouts harmful bacterial blight, which is caused by Pseudomonas syringae. Agrobacterium tumefaciens can pea to fist-sized growths with a spongy structure, called crown gall at ground-level parts of roots and stem with fresh cherry and Rock cherry, house - plum, precious plum and cherry - plum and peach, apricot and almond produce.

Synchytrium aureum causes in young sloes warts on stems and leaves.

Documents

  • Siegmund Seybold (ed.): Schmeil - Fitschen interactive. CD -ROM, Version 1.1, Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6.
  • Cuizhi Gu, Chaoluan Li, Lingdi Lu, Shunyuan Jiang, Crinan Alexander, Bruce Bartholomew, Anthony R. Brach, David E. Boufford, Hiroshi Ikeda, Hideaki Ohba, Kenneth R. Robertson, Steven A. Spongberg: Rosaceae. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China. Volume 9: Pittosporaceae through Connaraceae, Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-14-8, p 389, (online) split into several genera, as Prunoideae.
  • Amanda Spooner: Prunus - entry in the Western Australian Flora, 2008.
Rosids Rosales Drupe testa (botany) Gummosis
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