Roman Rite
As Roman rite since late antiquity celebrated in Rome liturgy is called, the Holy Mass, the celebration of the sacraments and sacramentals, and the celebration of the Divine, of celebrations and times characterized the Roman Catholic ( Latin ) Church. Also, as is the Roman Missal belonging to the celebration of Mass ( Roman Missal ) or the rite Books ( Roman Pontifical, the Roman Ritual ) and the Book of Hours (see also Breviary ) refers. The following remarks refer mainly to the celebration of Holy Mass in the Roman Rite.
History
The Roman rite was initially celebrated only in Rome. Over the centuries, the Roman Rite has also spread in the countries referred to the Pope as head of the Church. In addition, however caused and local traditions (eg in France: Gallican rite, the Ambrosian rite in Milan, England: Sarum custom, originated in Salisbury ).
Early Christianity
It is unclear when exactly abolished Greek as a liturgical language, and Latin was introduced in place of the Greek language. Pope Victor I ( 190-202 ) could have been the first Pope to the Holy Mass celebrated in Rome in Latin. Presumably, the change of the liturgical language took place gradually, and both languages were used side by side for a while.
Before the pontificate Gregory the Great ( 590-604 ), there were many changes in the Roman Rite, included a " complete redesign of the canon ." Under Pope Gregory was a general revision of the rite place that " much away, a little changed, some added ".
Middle Ages
Towards the end of the eighth century Charlemagne ordered the use of the Roman Rite of Mass in his domain. North of the Alps some elements of the Gallican rite used before the Roman Rite were connected. Under the influence of successor of Charlemagne, this Roman- Frankish mixed rite was later introduced in Rome and thus for the Latin Church prevail.
Liturgical reform according to the decision of the Council of Trent
The Reformation criticized not only existing liturgical abuses, but also denied the traditional Catholic doctrine of the Sacrifice of the Eucharist. Both are made from the perspective of the Council Fathers of Trent (1545 -1563) a standardization of the liturgy required to ensure the validity and dignity of the celebration. Due to time constraints, the Council entrusted the preparation and publication of the reformed liturgical books to the Pope in Rome. According to the decision of the Council of Trent, all liturgical books have been revised and officially published in the following decades. Under Pope Pius V appeared in 1570, the Missal under the title Missale Romanum ( formerly: Missale secundum consuetudinem novels Curie ). Were for this pressure, the bull Quo primum tempore, the oldest manuscripts available at that time and missals used to eliminate distortion and a tradition faithful as possible version from before the turmoil of the Reformation restore ( restituere ). In fact, these are merely a revision of the Missal curiae, the Missal of the Roman Curia, about 300 editions had been printed from the 1474-1570. The Roman Missal of Pius V. was declared around the ( Western ) Church for binding only dioceses and religious orders who own a diocesan or religious liturgy had been at least two centuries, were allowed to continue to use their special liturgical books. Also, translations in various languages have been preserved ( slawic rite ) or have been approved in the period following the first time (eg in Persian, Ethiopian and Chinese ). With and after the Council of Trent sat in the Catholic church since the 16th century, the pastoral motivated by rule, that the faithful, the unobstructed view of the liturgical action at the main altar (eg by removal of existing rood screen ). The diffusive in the 20th century so-called people's altar stands in this tradition.
The liturgical reform of Trent differs from that of the 20th century thus primarily by their small scale and less advanced liturgy historical knowledge, especially about the worship of the early Church and the Eastern Churches. The liturgical books have been revised several times by subsequent popes and improved and partially adapted to the requirements of the time. Significant changes in the Roman Missal before the Second Vatican Council were the. Under Pope Pius XII (1939 - 1958) carried out reorganization of the liturgy of the Easter Vigil and Holy Week as well as by Pope John XXIII. (1958 -1963) made the publication. Below Pius XII prepared Codex Rubricarum. On this basis, the Editio typica of the Roman Missal is based from 1962 (see also: Tridentine Mass ). With the motu proprio " Rubricarum Instructum " wrote Pope John XXIII. the exclusive use of this newly designed Missale Romanum before and continued the previous Rubricae generales of the Roman Missal with effect from January 1, 1961 except force. He recanted expressly disclaims any conflicting privileges indults and customs " etiam saecularia et immemorabilia ," that is, " even if made for centuries or since time immemorial ".
A more expectant liturgical renewal movement, which began in the 19th century, but called for deeper reforms. These were enabled by the Second Vatican Council possible (see below).
Liturgical reform according to the decision of the Second Vatican Council
On December 4, 1963, the Second Vatican Council declared in its Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy ( Sacrosanctum Concilium ):
" The measurement Ordo should be revised so that the actual meaning of the individual parts and their mutual relation are more prominent and the devout and active participation of the faithful would be facilitated. Therefore, the rites, due care to preserve their substance should be easier. What was doubled over time, or were added with little, to be omitted. Some, however, what has been lost through accidents of time, should, as far as it can be attached or appears necessary, restored by the time-honored standard of the fathers. On that the faithful of the table of God's word will prepare rich, the treasury of the Bible is to be opened, so that within a certain number of years, the most important parts of Scripture be presented to the people. "
Almost all bishops gathered at the Council considered a liturgical reform as an urgent necessity. Probably the most obvious changes by the liturgical reform, the possibility of the fair in general to celebrate in the vernacular, and the desire for active and conscious participation of the laity in the liturgy.
Pope Paul VI. ordered by the council to the implementation of the liturgical constitution and thus the issue of a new Missal. He promulgated on Holy Thursday 1969, the publication of a new edition of the Roman Missal, which appeared in 1970, and the typical edition of John XXIII. of 1962 and the Ordo missae 1965 superseded. In the Apostolic Constitution " Missale Romanum " Paul VI declared. :
"Our arrangements and provisions to be valid and legally now and in the future, they were under revocation of any conflicting constitutions and ordinances of Our predecessor, as well as all other instructions of any kind. "
Since then, the Roman rite used several Eucharistic prayers next to the traditional canon of the Roman Missal, the text of which was just revised. Paul VI. edited Moreover, the words of consecration, which are uniformly prescribed for every valid celebration of mass. In addition to the celebration of the Eucharist and the other sacraments, the celebration of the Divine and the liturgical calendar has been updated.
For more information: liturgical reform
Roman rite now
The edition of the Roman Missal of 1970, from 1975 edited by a second edition still under Paul VI. , By Pope John Paul II in 2000 in its third version, but only slightly changed. It appeared in 2002 in the Latin version ( Missale Romanum). This Missal have been ( emerged from the former so-called " Swiss Prayers " ) attached in addition to the four 1968 combined Prayers the two Prayers for reconciliation of 1975 and the Notes Prayers for measuring children and four variants for high prayers at Masses in particular concerns. The translation of this new edition of the Missal in the various native languages is still pending.
In the Apostolic Exhortation Sacramentum Caritatis (2007) Pope Benedict XVI recommends. a wider use of Latin in Masses at international events. In addition to general " the faithful are instructed to know the most common prayers in Latin and certain parts of the liturgy to sing in the Gregorian style."
In 1988, Pope John Paul II promulgated its own variant of the Roman Rite for the dioceses of the then Zaire - the so-called Zairean Rite of Mass.
In addition to the ordinary form ( forma ordinaria ) of the Roman Rite, with the by Pope Paul VI. and John Paul II celebrated promulgated liturgical books in Latin and in modern languages , priests and priestly associations may, under certain conditions, the liturgy of 1962 - as an extraordinary form ( forma extraordinaria ) of the Roman Rite - Celebrate ( Tridentine Mass ). With the Apostolic Letter Summorum Pontificum (2007 ) the application of formative extraordinaria the responsibility of local bishops and of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei has been transferred.
In Roman Catholic parishes in the United States with " Anglican Use" instead finds the Book of Divine Worship use.
Structure of the Mass in the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church
Structure of the Holy Mass in the Old Catholic Church in Germany
The procedure and the form of the Mass (also sacred office or Holy Eucharist called ) as it was originally celebrated in the Old Catholic Church in Germany until the 1980s was a largely faithful vernacular rendition of the Roman Rite in its Tridentine form was adapted to by a liturgical reform under the aegis of the then Chairman of the Liturgical Commission, the dean, later to become Bishop Sigisbert force, the structure of the old Catholic Eucharist the post-conciliar Roman Catholic liturgy.