Russula atropurpurea

Black Purple Russula ( Russula atropurpurea )

The inedible Purple Black Russula ( Russula atropurpurea, Syn: Russula krombholzii; Russula undulata ) is a species of fungus in the family Täublingsverwandten ( Russulaceae ). The rather frequent Täubling usually has a wine red to violet colored hat with almost black center and white spore powder and whitish lamellae. He is one of the largest and mildest russulas from the subsection Atropurpurinae. It can be found under oaks in oak-beech mixed forests on more or less acidic soils. The fruiting bodies appear from July to October.

• 5.1 Infra Generic Systematics
• 5.2 Subspecies and varieties

• 7.1 Notes and references

Features

Macroscopic characteristics

The hat is 5-12 (rarely to 15) cm wide. In the young mushroom hat is convex but flattened out soon. At the age the Hutmitte is often depressed. The hat skin is blood red, burgundy or dark colored purple, the center is darker than the edge. Often it is almost black. In the age of the hat can also fade out and pink or yellowish stains. The hat skin is sticky in humid weather, silky shiny when dry and can be removed from the edge to about 1/3. The hat brim when young, smooth mushroom and inflected, but later sinuate typical wavy and not striate.

The blades are dull white or pale cream color and are rostfleckig in old age. They are grown rounded at the stem or nearly free. The stem is 3-6 cm long and 1-2 cm wide. In young fruit bodies of the stem is white, later base is often rostfleckig. In durchwässertem state of the stem also appears gray.

The meat is dirty whitish and smells fruity like apples. It tastes only moderately sharply to almost mild. The sharpness disappears after some chewing. The spore powder is white.

If you give potassium hydroxide (KOH ) on the hat, the hat skin turned light brownish red reddish -brown to light. With ferrous sulfate, the stem flesh discolored reddish- gray and the fins with aniline brown -orange. The guaiac reaction is positive.

Microscopic characteristics

The spores are ovate to elliptic 8-10 microns long and 7-9 microns wide and filled with small, mostly obtuse, rounded warts. The warts are up to 0.75 microns long and wide and partially connected by fine lines like a net each other. The basidia are 30-52 long and (minimum 7.7 ) usually 9.5-11.5 microns wide. The four sterigmata measuring approximately 6.5-7.5 microns in diameter.

The hat skin contains 6-10 microns wide, cylindrical to clavate stretched pleurocystidia. Your tip is variable shaped, usually they are dull above, but may also be in a about 2 microns long Spitzchen ( Appendikul ) leak. In Sulfovanillin they are usually colored completely blue, but can sometimes almost black, red, purple or appear brown.

Artabgrenzung

Is most similar to the Black Red storage Russula ( Russula atrorubens ). Its flesh tastes but much sharper, softer and smells like amyl acetate. In addition, he prefers moister sites in acidophilous pine forests or occurs under pastures, while the purple Black Täubling is mainly found under oaks and beeches. The Ruby Russula (R. taeniospora ) barely reaches cap diameter of about five centimeters.

Ecology

The Purple Black Täubling is to take as a mycorrhizal fungus capable of symbiosis with beech, oak and hornbeam. The fungus colonized beech and mixed beech forests, oak-hornbeam forests and both thermophilic and acidophilous oak mixed forests. He is preferred before on acidic sand, silicate and brown earth soils. In Central Europe the fruiting bodies appear from July to October.

Dissemination

• Countries with records by
• Countries with no evidence
• No data
• Non-European countries

The Täubling is widely used in Europe and is also used in North Africa ( Morocco), North America (USA ) and Asia ( Japan, South Korea and North Korea ) before. In the U.S., the Täubling in the northeast is widespread. In the West, its presence extends to Michigan.

In Germany, the fungus is widespread and comes from the North Sea coast and the North German lowlands to the Alps before.

System

Infra Generic Systematics

The Purple Black Täubling is placed in the subsection Atropurpurinae within the section Russula. The species of this group have all different colored purple, violet or reddish, but never pure red hats. You all are pungent and have white spore powder. Part of this group among others, the very similar looking Black Red storage Russula ( Russula atrorubens ) and the exchange -colored Russula ( Russula fragilis ). Whether it really is a monophyletic group in this subsection, appears at the present time rather doubtful due to r- DNA Examining, but can on the other hand due to morphological findings also not be excluded.

Subspecies and varieties

From the very variable Purple Black Täubling a number of forms and varieties have been described.

• Russula atropurpurea var sapida ( Cooke ) Reumaux, the var 1889 by Cooke as Russula rubra was describe sapida, is now associated with Russula melliolens Quél. , The honey - Täubling.

Use

The Purple Black Täubling is not edible mushroom, though some forms almost taste mild.

Swell

• Russula atropurpurea. In: Partial Russula species database of the CBS - KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre. Accessed on February 6, 2014 ( English, spores drawing and tabular listing of the macro-and microscopic features ( basierden H. Romagnesi 's " Les Russules d'Europe et d' Afrique du Nord " ) ).
• Henri Romagnesi: Les Russules d'Europe et d' Afrique du Nord. essai sur la valeur et taxinomique spécifique of caractères morphologiques et microchimiques of spores et des revêtements. Bordas, Paris 1967, p 470 ( MycoBank ( Fungal Nomenclature and Species Data Bank) ).

• Alfred Einhellinger: The genus Russula in Bavaria. In: Bibliotheca Mycologica. 3rd edition. Volume 112, Berlin / Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 978-3-443-590130, p 31