Russula

The Cherry Red storage Russula ( Russula emetica ) is the model type of the genus Russula.

Russulas ( Russula ) are a very extensive fungal genus of the family of Täublingsverwandten in the order of Täublingsartigen. The russulas include an estimated 750 species among the most diverse genera of fungi. This is at least in the European species of the genus worldwide spread exclusively to mycorrhizal fungi, which are indispensable for the existence of our forests. The fruiting bodies are usually quite large and often strikingly colorful, also include some of the most popular types of edible mushrooms. So the russulas are very popular both at mycologists and mushroom collectors. Its characteristic features include the addition to the brittle blades smooth as a carrot -breaking flesh. The reason for this are the stored in the mushroom meat ball cells Sphaerozysten. Another special feature is the spore ornamentation that are warty or spiny ornamentation which make the spores almost look like pretty diatoms under the microscope. However, this ornament is only visible when you stain the spores with Jodreagenz. All these features share the russulas with the milk Lingen, her sister genus, from which they differ in that their juice transitions ( Laticiferen ) cause no milk in contrast to the milk Lingen. The genus Russula was described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1796.

• 3.1 Morphological
• 3.2 Genetically

Features

Russulas form from small to large, structured in a hat and centrally seated stem fruiting bodies. These often show in the hat skin glowing colors, depending on the type of pale or almost white tones to yellow, green, red, purple to brown or to almost black enough. The meat, which fins and the stem, however, are white to off-white in most species. The hat skin is mostly bare, dry or sticky to smeary and ungezont generally, that is not divided into concentric color gradations. The skin is in many ways at least partially to almost fully removable. In mature fruiting bodies of the hat is often flattened to depressed ( concave).

The slats are free or easily run down on the stem, are rather far and are plump. As with the milk Lingen, they have a characteristic brittleness, which is detectable by the splintering the Above painting. Exceptions to this are mainly the women's Russula (R. cyanoxantha ), and to a lesser extent, for example, the flour stem Russula (R. farinipes ), the Red meat edible Russula (R. vesca ) and the Green Speisetäubling (R. heterophylla ). Furthermore, the blades are often, especially in proximity bifurcated stem, and in some types of cross-links ( anastomosis ) provided. Shorter clutch disks are usually not or only present in low numbers and more frequently found only in the white and Schwärz - Täublingen.

The stem is nearly cylindrical, without struggling with European species [A 1] and without scabbard. It is brittle - rigid to soft - brittle and breaks like the flesh of apples. This characteristic of russulas and related Milkcaps fracture behavior is caused by the heterogeneous Trama (meat), which consists of spherical Sphaerocyten next hyphae (20-50 microns ).

The smell is mostly weak fruit to nutty, but can also be herring -like. The taste is mild to severe or unbearable sharp, sometimes bitter. As the Milkcaps also have the russulas in Trama Laticiferen that here, however, cause no milk, but only produce characteristic tears lamellae and stem tips in some species. This Safthyphen can be stained with Sulfovanillin. They are often at the sharp- tasting species at the fins base and under the cuticle of the pileus and stipe.

The spore powder is white to dark yellow ocher colored. The spores themselves are kurzellipsoid shaped to roundish. The surface is fine to grobwarzig and sometimes ornamented burred to reticular. The ornament is amyloid. The basidia are club-shaped and 25 to 60 microns long. These sit four spores at four to eight microns long sterigmata. The Gleozystiden are shaped differently. Often they are remarkably cut and on the lamellae surfaces and often also present in the hat skin and the stem surface. They stain with Sulfovanillin more or less intense blue and dark blue with Sulfoformol.

Some russulas contain large amounts of riboflavin. The often strong hat colors are caused by pteridines. These are colorless in some species, but can be made visible by their fluorescent properties under ultraviolet light. You then light also quite intense. Both ingredients are derived from nucleotides. These are due to their water solubility in the cell sap of vacuoles.

Macro Chemical Characteristics

In the determination of Täublingen also simple macro chemical reactions are often used to delimit species difficult to distinguish reliably. Important macro chemical reactions are the guaiac reaction, the ferrous sulfate reaction, the phenol reaction, the Sulfovanillin or Sulfoformolreaktion.

• The ferrous sulfate reaction

• The phenol reaction

• The ammonia reaction

• Aniline

• KOH

• Formaldehyde ( formalin)

• The Sulfovanillin reaction

Ecology and distribution

Russulas are soil inhabiting mycorrhizal fungi [A 1], which together depending on the nature of different types of trees or herbaceous plants. Some species are very host specific; an overview of the socialized with Täublingen plant species are Beenken (see links). Therefore, they are found only in forests, marshes, parks, gardens or covered with dwarf shrubs tundra. Some species show a marked preference for calcareous or acidic soils.

The species can be found on all continents, with the main area is located in the temperate latitudes of the Holarctic.

System

Morphological

The genus includes about 750 species of russulas worldwide, about 160 of which are found only in Central Europe. Thus, the russulas to one of the richest Hutpilzgattungen belong at all. It was, therefore, to divide the genus into sub-genres, sections and subsections and to establish a system that the natural family relationships as closely as possible on the basis of morphological, anatomical and chemical features macro.

So in the last century a number of classification systems have been installed, providing the appearance of the fruiting bodies, the spore powder color, the taste and the discoloration of the meat was usually used as the key features. In addition to this and microscopic features were more and more considered as the expression of the hat skin and Sporenornamentation. The four main classification systems derived here by Rolf Singer (most recently 1986), Henri Romagnesi (1967, 1985, 1987 ), Marcel Bon (1988) and Mauro Sarnari (1998).

The system of Singer was the first of the four mentioned. Singer published it in 1932 in his monograph of the genus Russula. This system was adapted by him later come back to the latest findings of Russula research, its last revision dates from the year 1986. During the later taxonomists built up their system mainly on European species, Singer took into account from the outset, non-European species. Singer divides the genus Russula in section and Subsektionsebene and arrives at its disposition by without any sub-genres. In his classification he put a higher weight on macroscopic characteristics. A particularly important feature is the discoloration of the meat to air for him. Unlike later systems, the section Rigidae is with him an especially extensive that unites with him the Heterophyllidia and hellsporige Incrustatula species. His section Constantes other hand, is an originally large remnants group with mushrooms, whose flesh does not discolor or just turns yellow. In later revisions became smaller this section, the fact that he postponed their representatives in other sections. Due to the low compliance microscopic characteristics Singers system is attributed to a relatively low importance.

Probably the most influential system was proposed by Romagnesi in his standard work Les Russules d'Europe et d' Afrique du Nord 1967. Ultimately, all subsequent systems are only modifications of romagnesischen system, or enhancements that expand it to species from North and South America or the tropical Africa. The consistent evaluation of all feature complexes, he managed to develop a natural system that is largely consistent. He was mainly a special emphasis on the microscopic features of the hat skin. Thus form the basis for creating the system theoretically built evolutionary trends that were set up in 1935 by Julius Schäffer.

The system of Marcel Bon is also a revision of the Romagnesischen. Bon divided the genus Russula in two subgenera, the Compacta and (Eu) Russula. His system is in many ways supported by the work of Ludwig Beenken. Beekens examined the mycorrhizal fungi in the genus Russula and found a whole new set from the fruiting body of independent features. He created a system -wide test continuously matches the Bonschen Due to the complex characteristic found. Even modern DNA analyzes support Bons classification system in many respects.

The systematics of Romagnesi and Bon are limited to European species. Sarnari also refers to a non-European. Bon and Sarnari evaluate macroscopic characteristics, such as especially makrochenische color reactions of the flesh, less than Romagnesi. For more significance is the microscopic properties such as micro-chemical reactions and characteristics of the basidia, meted out. Furthermore, takes significantly less attention in Sarnari the taste of the fruit body.

• Subgenus Compacta section Compactae
• Section Plorantes ( Lactarioides ) Subsections: Delicinae, Pallidosporinae

• Section Ingratae Subsections: Foetentinae, Pectinatinae

• Subsections: Felleinae, Citrinae, Emeticinae, Atropurpurinae

• Subsections: Exalbicantinae, Sanguinae

• Subsections: Cupreinae, Maculatinae

• Subsections: Indolentinae, Heterophyllinae, Virescentinae, Amoeninae, Griseinae

• Subsections: Laricinae, Puellarinae, Odoratinae, Rhodellinae, Sphagnophilinae

• Subsections: Decolorantinae, Melliolentinae, Laeticolorinae, Integriforminae

• Subsection Viridantinae, Pascuinae, Xerampelinae

• Subsections: Integrinae, Paludosinae, Laetinae

• Subsection Lepidinae, Rubrinae

• Subsections: Roseinae, Lilaceinae, Chamaeleontinae, Amethystinae, Ochroleucinae, Integroidinae

• Subsections: Olivaceinae, Aura Tinae

Genetically

The genus of russulas was also studied phylogenetically. After the maximum likelihood method, the relationships can be represented as follows. In the classification were Romagnesi (1967, 1985, 1987 ) and receipt (1988) are compared. Subgenera are underlined; not underlined are the sections and subsections. Bon distinguishes only the two subgenera Compacta and Russula. The former contains the same types as the systematics of Romagnesi. Russula includes at Bon significantly more sections than the Romagnesische system includes subgenera. Different concepts compared to phylogenetic systematics are illustrated in the Kladogrammen below.

Molecular genetic studies have shown that the genus Russula with high probability is paraphyletic. It was also found that Russula has earlei phylogenetically very original features. It turned out also that microscopic and macroscopic properties of the fruit body can only be used for the restricted classification; is better suited to the structure of the mycorrhiza (see cladograms ). The analyzes showed that the sections Plorantinae and Nigricantinae probably have no common root ( not monophyletic ). In addition, the subgenus Heterophyllidae and section Foetentinae are closely related. From this it can be concluded that the subgenus that contains the sections Foetentinae and Felleinae, is paraphyletic. Based on the genetic analyzes indicate that the subgenera Insidiosula and Russula were confirmed as monophyletic, the latter to the bile - Russula (R. fellea ) and the Zitronentäubling (R. ohroleuca ) and extended to the Harten Cinnabar Russula (R. lepida ) and the sun Täubling is reduced (R. solaris ) (see cladograms ).

Camembert Russula (R. amoenolens )

Almond Russula (R. laurocerasi )

Stink - Russula (R. foetens )

Women Russula (R. cyanoxantha )

Grass Green Russula (R. aeruginea )

Blue-green icing Russula (R. parazurea )

Red meat edible Russula (R. vesca )

Green Speisetäubling (R. heterophylla )

Dichtblättriger Schwärz - Russula (R. densifolia )

Dickblättriger Schwärz - Russula (R. nigricans )

Narrow- Russula (R. chloroides )

Common White Russula (R. delica )

Mycorrhiza: pseudoparenchymatische Mykorrhizamäntel

Compacta, Heterophyllidia and Foetentinae

Red herring Russula (R. xerampelina )

Rotstieliger leather Russula (R. olivacea )

Humpback Russula (R. caerulea)

Brown leather Russula (R. integra)

Wine Red Grey stem Russula (R. vinosa )

Sharp gloss Russula (R. firmula )

Purpurfleckiger Russula (R. veternosa )

Orange Red Grey stem Russula (R. decolorans )

Sun Täubling (R. solaris )

Milder Wachstäubling (R. puellaris )

Amethyst Russula (R. amethystina )

Hard Cinnabar Russula (R. lepida )

Zitronentäubling (R. ochroleuca )

Gallen - Täubling (R. fellea )

Black Purple Russula (R. atropurpurea )

Book - memory Russula (R. mairei )

Cherry Red storage Russula (R. emetica )

Pale Yellow Russula (R. raoultii )

Fading Russula (R. exalbicans )

Hohlstieliger Russula (R. cavipes )

Zitronenblättriger Russula (R. sardonia )

Gooseberry Russula (R. queletii )

Dark red gooseberry Russula (R. fuscorubroides )

Mycorrhiza: mycorrhizae with Zystiden

Types

Other subgenera

Importance

As an important mycorrhizal fungi are russulas of great ecological importance and because they are associated with important timber species, including forestry importance. Many Täublingsarten are popular and important edible mushrooms that are also traded in some countries. Despite the sometimes heavy determination of individual species they can by the so-called " Täublingsregel " can be distinguished into edible and inedible or poisonous species, if the species is reliably detected. As edible apply in Central Europe, the mild to slightly pungent species; tastes of mushroom sharp, it is an inedible or poisonous Art It may take a minute or two to get up to the sharpness of feeling. This rule applies only to russulas and Milkcaps and may not be used in other fungal genera. In some toadstools can already lead to serious poisoning the chewing small amounts. Most sharp species are inedible. Some are recycled after appropriate pretreatment. Highly poisonous species are poorly represented, apparently only R. subnigricans that occurs in Japan.

Determination

To determine the russulas addition to the colors of hat, blades and handle is especially the color of the spore powder of importance. This is, in particular to the aforementioned external color properties of the fruit body, at the respective species only to a very limited degree variable. Exceptions are among others the book and herring Russula (R. faginea ), the Zitronenblättrige Russula (R. sardonia ), the iodoform Russula (R. turci ) and the gooseberry Russula (R. queletii ), the spore powder colors may vary slightly can, and the Great and Little Pink Täubling, slightly darken their spores or dust flame stem Russula (R. rhodopoda ), which has gradually fading spore powder. The spore powder color can be determined using a spore discharge preparation and the resulting spore print, and this is compared with a color chart.

Another important feature for determining the taste or the sharpness of the flesh. However, this may vary in some species. Also relevant is the ornamentation of the spore powder, which is considered in Melzer's reagent under oil immersion. Also important is the nature of the hat skin; Characteristics are surface properties such as tires, roughness, gloss, stickiness and the presence of mucus and the deductibility of hat skin. Furthermore, consistency and discoloration of the meat is important. The latter can manifest as redness, Horror or blackening. In addition, chemical reactions in macro - and microscopic dimension used to determine. This may be characteristic of species or groups of species.

Types (selection)

The following list is a selection of known and relatively common species of russulas.