Solanum sisymbriifolium
Solanum sisymbriifolium
Solanum sisymbriifolium is a species of the genus Solanum (Solanum ) in the nightshade family (Solanaceae ). Within the genus Solanum, the species is classified in the subgenus Leptostemonum, which differs from other members of the genus mainly by the presence of spines. The species is introduced in many areas and is considered invasive weeds.
- 3.1 Invasive weeds
- 3.2 Cultivated
- 3.3 Miscellaneous
Description
Vegetative characteristics
Solanum sisymbriifolium is a perennial shrub which grows to a height of 1.2 to 2 meters away. He is highly branched, the stem axis may reach a diameter of 1 to 8 cm at the base. The plant is heavily feathered sticky, the coat consists of glandular and nichtdrüsigen, simple and star-branched trichomes. On the whole plant tightly packed spikes are also to be found. These are 8 to 16 millimeters long, pfriemförmig, orange and very pointed. The leaves are alternate, the outline of the leaf blade is ovate oblong, it is strongly divided pinnatisect or pinnatifid, the part leaves are rounded and have a curved edge. The size of the leaves is given differently by authors, for example, 10 to 15 inches long and 6 to 10 inches wide and up to 40 centimeters long and 25 centimeters wide. The upper leaf surface is sparsely covered with star-branched trichomes, the underside is covered with dense hair. The petioles are 1.5 to 6 inches long. Sometimes propagate individual plants over long fistulous rhizomes.
Flowers and inflorescences
The inflorescences are grape -shaped and consist of mostly six to eight ( rarely up to ten ) flowers. In the front of a flower inflorescence only the male reproductive organs are fertile. The inflorescence stems are 3-7 inches long, hairy glandular - tomentose and densely covered with spines. The flower stems are 8 to 15 millimeters long, hairy glandular - tomentose, but only slightly thorny. The calyx is cup-shaped, colored green, membranous and 6-9 mm long and 2 to 4 millimeters by measuring. It is divided sharply five times, the calyx lobes lanceolate acuminate and occupied in hermaphrodite flowers closely with spines. The crown is whitish or bluish - purple to pale violet, wheel-shaped and measures 40 to 45 mm in diameter. It is weakly lobed, the Corolla lobe are broadly triangular. The outside of the crown is tomentose pubescent with stellate trichomes. The stamens are the same multiform, the stamens are slender, hairless and 2-3 (rarely to 4 ) mm long. The dust bags are lanceolate and reach lengths 7-10 mm. The pollen grains have a size 29.5 to 40.0 microns. The ovary is ovoid and glabrous. He wears a 1 to 1.2 centimeters long stylus.
Fruit and seeds
On the fruit, the flower stalks are bent back and densely hairy with glandular - tomentose and sticky. The calyx enlarged and almost completely surrounds the nearly spherical, 8 millimeter by measuring, bright red berry. The cuticle is thick and smooth, stomata are absent. The epidermis consists of isodiametric or rounded cells whose content is very dense. The hypodermis is formed only by two or three layers of collenchyma, which normally awarded this layer protection is ensured in this way by the reinforced and the fruit enclosing calyx. An outer zone of the mesocarp, as occurs in other species of the subgenus Leptostemonum missing. The inner zone consists of nine to twelve wet parenchyma layers, the cells are larger toward the inside of the fruit. The placenta has a proliferation so that the placental tissue of the pulp constitutes more than in other species of the genus Leptostemonum. The fruit appears vierkammerig by a false septum, each of the four chambers has its own placenta branching. Each fruit contains approximately 50 to 200 seeds. These are about 3 millimeters in size, kidney-shaped and feingrubig.
Dissemination and locations
The species is native to Central and South America, their natural distribution area is located in Argentina, southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia and Colombia. It grows mainly in disturbed habitats such as talus slopes, roadsides, fences and dams, it is often in conjunction with short -term disturbances such as fires, plowed land and pasture. Especially in southern Europe, Africa, Australia and the south-eastern North America, the plant is introduced and is mainly found in the vicinity of ports.
The species was probably introduced in the early 1900s in South Africa. The first evidence of its kind in Turkey dates back to 1996, Iran was first detected in 2010.
Importance
Invasive weeds
Justified by a rapid spread by birds that eat the fruits and a high level of protection from predators through the dense spines and sticky hair, Solanum sisymbriifolium counts outside of the original distribution area often referred to as invasive weeds. A predator from the original range of the species - - To find a possible defensive measure, several series of experiments with strains of the shield beetle Gratiana spadicea were in South Africa between 1989 and 1995 carried out, examined the possible negative effects on native nightshade (Solanum ). These experiments led to the conclusion that the risk of endangering native species is low. Therefore, the beetle between 1994 and 1996 were exposed to several South African locations of Solanum sisymbriifolium. Although isolated sisymbriifolium the Solanum were almost completely defoliated and the beetles increased abundantly, was the most verified South African locations of Solanum sisymbriifolium little damage to the crops recorded. The area is to be found in the Solanum sisymbriifolium, enlarged further. Other possible, biological method to narrow Solanum sisymbriifolium, the weevil Anthonomus sisymbrii could turn out.
Cultivated
Since the 18th century, the species is found in European botanical gardens, where it is mainly shown because of their many luxurious spines as a curiosity.
Others
Solanum sisymbriifolium is a potential host of the nematode Globodera pallida and Globodera rostochiensis and the fungus Phytophthora infestans. Both the nematode and the fungus are important pests in potato cultivation. Because Solanum is sisymbriifolium resistant to attack by both pests, they can potentially be used as a bait plant in order to reduce the infestation on the affected floors. Due to the natural resistance, the species is also an interesting option as a rootstock for various crop plants of the genus Solanum. Studies in this field have been carried out for example with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ) and eggplant (Solanum melongena ).
Ethnobotanical use of the kind is known from Paraguay. Here are obtained from the roots of the plant medicines, which are intended to prevent pregnancy or birth abortion made . The plant, which are also mentioned in the recipes of these medications include the Zedrachbaum (Melia azedarach ), the palm Syagrus romanzoffiana and Polypody Polypodium phyllitides. Also in Paraguay, the dried root to the preparation of diuretics, the kidney is sold supportive soft drink and a blood pressure medication.
System
Solanum sisymbriifolium is a representative of the subgenus Leptostemonum in the genus of the nightshade (Solanum ). Molecular biological studies of the subgenus were able to identify ten different clades, however, could be clearly assigned Solanum sisymbriifolium none of these clades. According to studies by Bayesian analysis, the type of Androceras / crinitum clade is placed near, while the analysis can not determine assignment on the principle of maximum parsimony. Studies of the morphological features of the seed surface, the type of species may group Solanum rostratum.