Spiloxene

Spiloxene aquatica

Spiloxene is a genus within the family of Hypoxidaceae. The 19 to 25 species are native to Southern Africa.

• 5.1 Notes and references

Description and ecology

Appearance, roots and leaves

The Spiloxene species grow as a perennial, herbaceous plants, most of which are relatively low and rarely reach stature heights of 50 cm. They form underground, thickened stem axis, as outlasting that are newly formed annually in each growing season and usually the last pieces of the stem axis or more periods of growth remain above the other. Only Spiloxene alba and Spiloxene aquatica it is different, their shoot axes grow largely in the horizontal direction. Since the shells of the underground shoot Achen are very different, they are used to group the species; they can be thin and membranous or fibrous, these fibers can be branched and form a dense network around the stem axis or they can be hard and straight and resemble teeth on the stem axis.

All Spiloxene species possess some period of their development kontraktiele roots with which they can adjust the height in the soil for optimal growth. A special feature can be found at Spiloxene ovata and Spiloxene gracilipes, with them, the roots wrap around the underground stem axis, remain more than a year to receive and thus form a " wound rootstock "; this not geotropic growth has been reported rarely in geophytes and seems to occur only when Spiloxene.

It is geophytes in which dry up during the dry season the leaves and sprout fresh leaves in the rainy season, which are often present during the flowering period. Spiloxene species are green in the South African winter. In the late South African autumn new leaves begin to sprout. Several ( up to twelve) leaves are arranged only basal more or less three lines. There are formed leaf sheaths. The simple leaf blades are lance-shaped to cylindrical or linear. Unlike their closest relatives of the genus Hypoxis and Rhodohypoxis leaf areas are bare; only a few species has the smooth leaf margin inconspicuous, short branched hairs ( trichomes ). There is Parallelnervigkeit. A peculiarity occurs in the thriving at periodic standing water Spiloxene aquatica, their hollow leaves are largely filled with air spaces.

Inflorescences, flowers and pollination

It is a non- exfoliated, slender, short available to long inflorescence stem, which may be underground in some species. Depending on the type are usually one or two, rarely up to seven flowers together in a doldigen inflorescence. The flowers are about one or two, linealischen or deciduous leaf-like, often inconspicuous bracts. The thin flower stems are usually long, rarely reduced.

The hermaphrodite flowers are usually radial symmetry and threefold. The most six identically shaped bracts are free, narrow ovate and always star-shaped (hence its common name in the Heimatgegieten landscape star, golden star (English), sterretjie ( afrikaans ) ) and spread to reflexed arranged. Rarely only five or four bracts are present. The color of the bloom is on the inner surface usually golbgelb to light yellow, some species are white or pink. In some species ( Spiloxene capensis, Spiloxene canaliculata ) have the bloom outside red or green stripes or most commonly they are outside plain reddish -pink or green. Some species have at the base of the bracts dark spots (honey Male); at Spiloxene capensis the spots are usually blackish or rarely iridescent blue-green and Spiloxene canaliculata they are deep purple satin. There are two circles, each with three equal stamens present. Rarely only five, four, or two stamens are present. The short stamens are almost upright and with each other freely. The anthers protrude from the perianth. Three carpels are fused into one, usually dreikammerigen, rarely one or two-chambered, inferior ovary. Each ovary chamber contains many ovules. The short style ends with a three-lobed stigma, which is papillose inside and on the edge.

The flowering period is primarily in the South African spring. Since the flowers do not open all at the same time, the flowering period lasts a month or more. If the weather is cold and wet, the flowers often remain closed for a few days until it is sunny again. Even on warm days, the flowers open only for a few hours, usually 11 to 16 clock. As with all Hypoxidaceae the flowers contain at Spiloxene no nectary, so the only reward for pollinators pollen. The open flowers with their far superior anthers attract pollen-collecting insects that do not have specialized stocks. The main pollinators are bees species. The dark times of honey Spiloxene capensis and Spiloxene canaliculata attract pollen -eating beetles ( Hopliini, Melolonthinae, Scarabaeidae ), which do not significantly contribute to pollination. However, since only pollen is present as a reward, it may be that the only open in good weather flowers ensure that the non-renewable pollen is maintained longer for pollinators.

Fruit and seeds

The fruit capsules open when they fall off the withered inflorescence. If they are shaken, they released their seeds directly on the floor and from there the seeds can be washed by water to other places. Those with a length of 0.4 to 1.0 mm usually relatively small, almost spherical, rarely J -shaped seeds have a significantly tiny warty sculpted, brittle, dark brown to black, shiny seed coat and hilum and raphe conspicuous.

Occurrence

The genus Spiloxene is widespread in Southern Africa. About 16 species are elements of the capensis. About eight species occur in the Western Cape, about eight species in the Northern Cape and three species in the Eastern Cape before. Only one species is native to Namibia.

Most species thrive in areas with winter rains or year-round rainfall in Southern Africa. Their stocks ranging from coastal areas to higher altitudes to the Cape Fold Mountains. Habitats are mostly perennial wetlands Still waters and streams or damp rock bands.

Some Spiloxene species are in the " Red List of South African Plants" = " Red List of South African Plants ."

System

The genus Spiloxene in 1866 erected by Richard Anthony Salisbury in The Genera of Plants, p 44. Type species is Spiloxene stellata Salisb .. The genus name is derived Spiloxene Spilos for spot, spots or point and xenos for host or stranger from the Greek words themselves; this refers capensis on the dark spots (honey Male) in the center of the flowers of known and widespread species Spiloxene.

Of the genus Hypoxis The African species of the Amaryllidaceae Hypoxideae in Botanical yearbooks, Volume 51, pp. 287-340, some species in a new genus Ianthe Salisb by Gert Cornelius Nel in the article. or Janthe Nel orth var provided. Ianthe but had been already used as a generic name in the family Scrophulariaceae and so this later published name is invalid. Sidney Garside replaced in 1936 in the Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, Volume 74, p 268 Ianthe by Spiloxene. Whether four Australian species belong to the genus Spiloxene controversial.

Spiloxene is a genus within the family of Hypoxidaceae. Previously, she was also classified in the family Liliaceae.

There are 19 to 25 Spiloxene types:

• Spiloxene acida ( Nel ) Garside: It occurs in the Western Cape.
• Spiloxene aemulans ( Nel ) Garside
• Spiloxene alba ( Thunb. ) FOURC. It occurs in the Western Cape. Your holdings decrease by urbanization. It is classified as "vulnerable " = 'vulnerable '.
• Spiloxene aquatica ( Lf) FOURC. Thrives in perennial standing water. Your holdings in the Eastern Cape, Northern Cape and Western Cape are considered stable. She is described as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Spiloxene canaliculata Garside: It occurs in front of Darling in the Western Cape from Cape Town. It is considered "endangered " = 2009 classified as " critically endangered ".
• Spiloxene capensis (L.) Garside: Your stocks in the Eastern Cape, Northern Cape and Western Cape are considered stable. She is described as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Spiloxene curculigoides (bolus ) Garside: Your stocks in the Western Cape are considered stable. She is described as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Spiloxene dielsiana ( Nel ) Garside: Your stocks in the Northern Cape are considered stable. She is described as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Spiloxene etesionamibensis U.Müll. - Doblies, Mark.Ackermann, Weigend &. D.Müll. - Doblies: It is the only species that occurs in Namibia.
• Spiloxene flaccida ( Nel ) Garside: Your stocks in the Eastern Cape and Western Cape are considered stable. She is described as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Spiloxene linearis ( Andrews ) Garside: It comes from Jacobsbaai to Mamre in Westkat. Your remaining ten localities are threatened by many factors. It is classified as "vulnerable " = 'vulnerable '.
• Spiloxene maximiliani ( Schltr. ) Garside: It occurs only at two localities in the Olifants River Valley in the Western Cape. It is considered "endangered " = 2009 classified as " critically endangered ". Your stocks are endangered by citrus plantations.
• Spiloxene minuta (L.) FOURC. , You only occurs at three four localities from Pakhuis Pass to the Cape Peninsula and beach. Many of the historical localities were lost to urbanization in the area of Cape Town and Stellenbosch. The small remaining stocks are threatened by urbanization and expansion of wheat fields and vineyards. It was as "endangered " = 2009 classified as " critically endangered ".
• Spiloxene monophylla ( Schltr. ex Baker ) Garside: Your stocks in the Western Cape are considered stable. She is described as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Spiloxene namaquana U.Müll. - Doblies, Mark.Ackermann, Weigend & D.Müll. - Doblies: It occurs only in the Northern Cape.
• Spiloxene nana Snijman: This rare species occurs only at ten localities in the Bokkeveld Escarpment in the Northern Cape ago.
• Spiloxene ovata ( Lf) Garside: Your stocks in the Northern Cape and Western Cape are considered stable. She is described as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Spiloxene pusilla Snijman: This rare species is found only in specific habitats in the sandstone massif of the northern Cederberg and Matsikamma - Gifberg complex. It occurs only in Gifberg, Matsikamma Mountain and Pakhuis Pass in the Western Cape.
• Spiloxene schlechteri (bolus ) Garside: Your stocks in the Northern Cape and Western Cape are considered stable. She is described as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Spiloxene scullyi ( Baker) Garside: It occurs in the Northern Cape. She is described as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Spiloxene serrata ( Thunb. ) Garside: Two varieties are classified as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Spiloxene trifurcillata ( Nel ) FOURC. Their holdings in the Eastern Cape are considered stable. She is described as " least concern " = " not endangered".
• Spiloxene umbraticola ( Schltr. ) Garside: It was not found again since 1964, the locality data in the Olifants River Valley in the Western Cape were too imprecise. The strength of this species is endangered, such as agriculture, therefore, can not be assessed.

Use

About a present-day use, for example as an ornamental plant, is something known by any Spiloxene type.

Swell

• John C. Manning, Peter Goldblatt & Deirdre A. Snijman: The Color Encyclopedia of Cape Bulbs, 2002, Timber Press, Portland. ISBN 0-88192-547-0: Spiloxene on p 361-367 (Section Description, occurrence and use)
• Dee Snijman, September 2007: Spiloxene Salisb. at PlantZAfrica the South African National Biodiversity Institute = SANBI. (Section Description, occurrence and use)