Stillingia

Stillingia lineata

Stillingia is a genus within the family of Euphorbiaceae ( Euphorbiaceae ). The approximately 30 species occur in temperate to tropical areas mainly in the New World. Stillingia sylvatica has been used in folk medicine.

Description

Appearance and leaves

Stillingia species are mostly erect, annual to perennial herbaceous plants that reach heights of growth of up to 2 meters. More rarely there are subshrubs or shrubs, and only Stillingia acutifolia Stillingia oppositifolia grow as small trees. The milky sap is clear or milky. The plant parts are bare.

The usually alternate and distant to the stem axis relatively far apart or rarely whorled up against constantly arranged leaves are stalked. The simple, thin depending on the type to membranous or leathery (only for Stillingia diphtherina ) to fleshy leaf blades have a smooth or serrated leaf edge and at the Spreitenbasis two glands. The tiny stipules are thread-like and glandular.

Inflorescences and flowers

Stillingia species are monoecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( monoecious ). The flowers are in lateral or terminal, aged men total inflorescences together. In a zymösen part inflorescence there is only one male, but a different number of female flowers. The bracts have glands. The unisexual flowers are more or less radial symmetry. There are no petals present. The sepals are usually free. The male flowers have a two-lobed calyx and two stamens. The anthers open with a longitudinal slot. The female flowers have three sepals in bud overlapping or they are reduced to non-existent. The upper permanent ovary is rarely two, usually dreikammerig. The ovary chamber only a hanging, anatrope ovule is present. The three pen are almost free.

Fruit and seeds

The rare two -, three-lobed usually, septizidalen fruit capsules disintegrate into rarely two, mostly three -seeded fruit part. The seeds are dotted. The embryo has two broad and flattened cotyledons ( cotyledons ).

Systematics and distribution

The genus Stillingia was treated in 1767 by Carl Linnaeus in Systema Naturae, 12th edition, volume 2, pages 611 and 637 and in the same time appeared as an independent annex to this work Carl Linnaeus: Mantissa Plantarum, Volume 1, page 19 under the authorship of Alexander Garden firstdescribed. A synonym for Stillingia Garden ex L. is Gymnostillingia waste. Arg The genus name honors the English botanist Stillingia Benjamin Stillingfleet ( 1702-1771 ).

Johann Friedrich Klotzsch asked this genus in the tribe Hippomaneae. The closely related genus Sapium ( Sapium species are woody plants in which the sepals are always fused ) has been questioned by some authors in the genre Stillingia times and then not again. Rogers ( 1951) divided this genus .. in several subgenera

The genus belongs to the subtribe Stillingia Hippomaninae from the tribe Hippomaneae in the subfamily Euphorbioideae within the family of Euphorbiaceae.

The approximately 30 species occur in temperate, warm, subtropical to tropical areas mainly in the New World. The exceptions are: three species are found in Madagascar and a kind of Réunion, Mauritius, Fiji and native to Malaysia's. The species for which the areas are to the equator the next, only thrive at higher altitudes. The range extends north to the 38th parallel in southern Kansas and south to the Sierra de Cordoba in Argentina.

There are about 30 species Stillingia:

  • Stillingia acutifolia ( Benth. ) Benth. & Hook. f ex Hemsl. There are small trees. It comes from Mexico to Honduras before.
  • Stillingia aquatica Chapm. It is native to Georgia and Florida.
  • Stillingia argutedentata Jabl. It occurs only in the eastern Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
  • Stillingia bicarpellaris S.Watson: It occurs only in northeastern Mexico.
  • Stillingia bodenbenderi ( Kuntze ) DJRogers: It occurs only in the Brazilian state of São Paulo and the Argentinian state of Córdoba.
  • Stillingia Müll.Arg dichotoma. It occurs only in the Brazilian states of Bahia and Rio de Janeiro.
  • Stillingia diphtherina DJRogers: She comes from southern Mexico to Honduras before.
  • Stillingia dusenii Pax & K.Hoffm. It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Paraná.
  • Stillingia linearifolia S.Watson: The range extends from southern California, western Arizona and southern Nevada to the island of Guadalupe and the Mexican states of Baja California and Sonora.
  • Stillingia lineata ( Lam.) Müll.Arg. It occurs in Réunion, Mauritius, Fiji and Malaysia's.
  • Stillingia oppositifolia Baill. ex Müll.Arg. There are small trees. It occurs in southern Brazil.
  • Stillingia parvifolia Sánchez Vega, Sagast. & Huft: It is native to Peru.
  • Stillingia patagonica ( Speg. ) Pax & K.Hoffm. It is native to southern Argentina.
  • Stillingia paucidentata S.Watson: It comes from southeastern California to Arizona before.
  • Stillingia peruviana DJRogers: It is native to Peru. The fruit is edible.
  • Stillingia pietatis McVaugh: It occurs only in the Mexican state of Michoacan.
  • Stillingia querceticola McVaugh: It occurs only in the Mexican state of Nayarit.
  • Stillingia salpingadenia ( Müll.Arg. ) Huber: It comes from Bolivia to north-eastern Argentina ago.
  • Stillingia sanguinolenta Müll.Arg. It comes from Mexico to Honduras before.
  • Stillingia saxatilis Müll.Arg. It occurs in the eastern Brazilian states of Bahia and Minas Gerais.
  • Stillingia scutellifera DJRogers: It comes from Paraguay before to north-eastern Argentina ( Misiones ).
  • Stillingia spinulosa Torr. It comes from southern Nevada, southeastern California and southwestern Arizona prior to the Mexican states of Baja California del Norte and Sonora.
  • Stillingia sylvatica L. (syn.: Stillingia tenuis Small): It comes with two subspecies in the central and southeastern United States before.
  • Stillingia tenella ( Pax & K.Hoffm. ) Eater: She comes from Bolivia to Argentina before ( Jujuy ).
  • Stillingia terminalis Baill. It occurs in Madagascar.
  • Stillingia texana IMJohnst. It comes from Oklahoma, New Mexico and Texas before up in the Mexican state of Coahuila.
  • Stillingia trapezoidea Ule: It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Piauí.
  • Stillingia treculiana ( Müll.Arg. ) IMJohnst. It comes from southern Texas to north-eastern Mexico before.
  • Stillingia uleana Pax & K.Hoffm. It occurs in the eastern Brazilian states of Bahia and Minas Gerais.
  • Stillingia zelayensis ( Kunth ) Müll.Arg. It comes from Mexico prior to western Panama.

Swell

  • Stillingia in Jepson Flora Project. ( Number of species, distribution and description)
  • David James Rogers: A revision of Stillingia in the new world. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 38, No. 3, 1951, pp. 207-243 ( (online at biodiversitylibrary.org ) ). ( Systematics, distribution and description)
Ovary (botany) Cereal germ Malesia Georgia (U.S. state) Frans Stafleu Agricultural Research Service
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