Strumaria

Strumaria gemmata

The genus belongs to the subfamily Strumaria Amaryllidoideae within the family of the Amaryllis family ( Amaryllidaceae ). The approximately 24 to 28 species are native to southern Africa.

• 5.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

The Strumaria species grow as perennial herbaceous plants ( rarely to 4) to reach the stature heights of usually 20 to 30 cm. Form as outlasting onions which have a diameter of 1 to 5 cm and usually does not protrude from the ground. The bulbs are covered with parchment-like or felt-like outer bulb covers ( Tunica ). These Geophyten the leaves are dried up during the flowering period in the dry season and fresh leaves drift after the heyday again.

The mostly two to six only basal and arranged in two rows, erect to prostrate, sometimes laterally outstretched leaves are sessile. The simple leaf blades are filiform, linear to elliptical belt- shaped and parallel-veined. The leaf surfaces are hairy bald until soft. The leaf margin is smooth.

Inflorescence and flowers

The slim, not hollow, bare until just fluffy hairy inflorescence stem is stiff upright turned to wound or rarely spiral, and has a length of 3-48 cm. 2 to 30 flowers are borne in a compact with a diameter of 1.5 to 10 cm to hemispherical, doldigen inflorescence. In some species the flowers are hanging on ( for example Strumaria truncata ). In knospigen state envelop two narrow - lanceolate, membranous bracts ( spathe ) and has the inflorescence, they wither early during anthesis. The stiff to lax flower stems are as long as or much longer than the perianth. The flowers are densely arranged contiguously, or are wide spread in the inflorescence.

The relatively small flowers are hermaphroditic, radial symmetry and threefold. The six identically shaped bracts are free or fused only at their base into a short tube. The perianth is star - shaped or funnel -shaped. The bloom have a smooth or rarely gekrausten edge. The colors of the bracts range from mostly pink lemon yellow to white or rare. There are two circles, each with three equal stamens present; they are erect or spreading and project beyond the perianth. The shelter free or fused to half of its length stamens are usually thickened at their base, and sometimes serrated and grown only at its base or up to one third of its length with the stylus; its base is rarely intertwine with the bloom cladding. The anthers are dorsifix to almost centrifix. The bisulculaten pollen grains have a spiny exine. Three carpels are fused to an almost spherical, dreikammerigen, inferior ovary, which is bare to sparsely haired fluffy. Each ovary chamber contains up to nine unitegmische ovules. The upright, straight pen is either triangular or swollen, but he is at its base to cone - disk-or egg-shaped, upward he is slender and ends with a three-column scar.

It is both self-pollination and cross-pollination possible. Due to the abundant nectar flowers are attractive to many insects.

Fruit and seeds

The small, almost spherical, lokuliziden capsule fruits possess a paper-like pericarp. The egg-shaped with a diameter of about 2 to 4 mm seeds are red- green and fleshy. The seed coat is covered with stomata. Integument and embryo are green.

Chromosome number

The basic chromosome number is x = 10, in contrast to most other genera of this subfamily.

Occurrence

The approximately 24 to 28 Strumaria species are native to southern Africa. The main distribution area extends from the mountains of southern Namibia through Namaqualand and Lesotho to the South African provinces of Northern Cape and Western Cape. In addition, two species occur in semiarid areas in the southern Free Stateund Western Cape. 15 species are elements of Capensis.

Strumaria species occur mainly in areas with winter rainfall region. Many of the naturally rare Strumaria - species thrive on the edge of winter rainfall areas, particularly in southern Namibia and the Richtersveld. Many species have small populations with very limited distribution areas. Most species are found in the highlands of Namaqualand near Springbok and on the Bokkeveld Escarpment near Nieuwoudtville. The species thrive on rocky sites and sandy plains.

Systematics and endangering the species

The genus name Strumaria was first published in 1797 by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in Collecteana, 5, p 49. As Lectotypusart 1951 Strumaria was truncata Jacq. defined by Edwin Percy Phillips in The Genera of South African Flowering Plants, 2nd edition, p 201. A homonym is Strumaria Jacq.. ex Willd, published in Carl Ludwig Willdenow from: Species Plantarum, 4th Edition, Volume 2, 1799, p 31. Synonyms of are: .. . Pugionella Salisb, Hymenetron Salisb, Gemmaria Salisb, Bokkeveldia D.Müll. - Doblies & U.Müll. - Doblies .. The genus name Strumaria is composed of the Latin word goiter for a cushion-like swelling and aria for possessing together, it refers to the thickened base of the pen.

The genus belongs to the subtribe Strumaria Strumariinae ( eponymous genus ) from the tribe Amaryllideae in the subfamily Amaryllidoideae within the family of Amaryllidaceae. Previously, she was also classified in the family Liliaceae. D. Müll. - Doblies and U. Müll. - Doblies split in 1985, this genus into four small genera and Snijman introduced in 1994 some species back to a larger class together.

There are about 24 to 28 species in the Strumaria sl by Snijman 1994:

• Strumaria aestivalis Snijman: it was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Vulnerable " = 2009 'at risk' rated.
• Strumaria barbarae Oberm. It was 2009 in the Red List of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Rare " = "rare but not endangered" rated.
• Strumaria bidentata Schinz: it was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Endangered " = 2009 " high risk " rating.
• Strumaria chaplinii ( WFBarker ) Snijman: It was 2009 in the Red List of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Endangered " = " high risk " rating.
• Strumaria discifera Marloth ex Snijman: With two subspecies. One is known as " Near Threatened " and the other as "Least Concern" = " not at risk " rating in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa.
• Strumaria gemmata Ker Gawl. , You will be in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Strumaria Hardyana D.Müll. - Doblies & U.Müll. - Doblies: It is native to Namibia.
• Strumaria karooica ( WFBarker ) Snijman: it was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Rare " = 2009 " but rarely not at risk " rating.
• Strumaria karoopoortensis ( D.Müll. - Doblies & U.Müll. - Doblies ) Snijman: it was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Vulnerable " = 2009 'at risk' rated.
• Strumaria leipoldtii ( L.Bolus ) Snijman: it was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Critically Endangered " = 2009 " threatened with extinction " rated.
• Strumaria luteoloba Snijman: It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Strumaria massoniella ( D.Müll. - Doblies & U.Müll. - Doblies ) Snijman: it was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Vulnerable " = 2009 'at risk' rated.
• Strumaria merxmuelleriana ( D.Müll. - Doblies & U.Müll. - Doblies ) Snijman: it was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Rare " = 2009 "rare but not endangered" rated.
• Strumaria perryae Snijman: it was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Critically Endangered " = 2009 " threatened with extinction " rated.
• Strumaria phonolithica Dinter: It is native to Namibia.
• Strumaria picta WFBarker: it was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Rare " = 2009 "rare but not endangered" rated.
• Strumaria prolifera Snijman: it was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Critically Endangered " = 2009 " threatened with extinction " rated.
• Strumaria pubescens WFBarker: it was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Rare " = 2009 "rare but not endangered" rated.
• Strumaria pygmaea Snijman: it was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Rare " = 2009 "rare but not endangered" rated.
• Strumaria salteri WFBarker: it was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Vulnerable " = 2009 'at risk' rated.
• Strumaria speciosa Snijman: These published in 2005 in Bothalia, Volume 35, pp. 23 species native to Namibia.
• Strumaria spiralis (L' Hér. ) WTAiton: It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Strumaria tenella ( Lf) Snijman: With two subspecies. Both were in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Strumaria truncata Jacq. , You will be in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Strumaria unguiculata ( WFBarker ) Snijman: it was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Vulnerable " = 2009 'at risk' rated.
• Strumaria villosa Snijman: it was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Rare " = 2009 "rare but not endangered" rated.
• Strumaria watermeyeri L.Bolus: With two subspecies. Both were in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Rare " = 2009 "rare but not endangered" rated.

Use

Some species are used as ornamental plants. Since the flowers are not very durable, they are not used as cut flowers. About medical use is not known.

Swell

• John C. Manning, Peter Goldblatt & Deirdre A. Snijman: The Color Encyclopedia of Cape Bulbs, 2002, Timber Press, Portland. ISBN 0-88192-547-0: Strumaria on p 367-372 (Section Description, occurrence and use)
• Emily Smith 27 April 2009: Strumaria - Data sheet at Gateway to African Plants. ( Description section )
• Dee Snijman, September 2008: Strumaria Jacq. at PlantZAfrica the South African National Biodiversity Institute = SANBI. (Section Description, occurrence and use)
• Deirdre A. Snijman: Systematics of Hessea, Strumaria and Carpolyza ( Amaryllideae: Amaryllidaceae ), In: Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium, Volume 16, 1994, pp. 1-162.
• Dietrich Müller- Doblies & Ute Müller- Doblies: De Liliifloris notulae 2 De taxonomia subtribe Strumarinae ( Amaryllidaceae ), In: Botanical yearbooks of Systematics, Volume 107, 1985, pp. 17-47.