Amaryllidoideae

Belladonna Lily ( Amaryllis belladonna )

The subfamily Amaryllidoideae belongs to the plant family of the Amaryllis family ( Amaryllidaceae ) within the order of asparagus -like ( Asparagales ). It includes (depending on your viewpoint ) 59-67 genera and over 800 species which occur particularly in warmer areas and have an almost worldwide distribution. With about 100 endemic species Amaryllidoideae are an important element of the Flore capensis. The name of the eponymous genus Amaryllis is derived from the name of a shepherdess from the Eclogues of Virgil. Many species and varieties are used as ornamental plants in parks, gardens and rooms.

  • 6.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

There are perennial herbaceous plants. They are rare evergreen. Most of these geophytes form bulbs, rhizomes or sometimes (only with Clivia, Crypto Stephen and Scadoxus ) as outlasting from. The bulbs or rhizomes are cut by special Zugwurzeln, which stretch or contraction, the same held deep in the ground.

The alternate, spirally arranged or distichous leaves are basal, or distributed on the stem. The parallel venation leaves are petiolate or sessile. The simple leaf blade linear or lanceolate. The leaf surfaces are usually smooth, but in the semi-arid areas of Southern Africa, the leaf areas at Brunsvigia, Crossyne, Gethyllis and Haemanthus species with differently shaped hairs ( trichomes ) are covered. The leaves of Crossyne and some Haemanthus species have attractive dark green or red spots on the leaves. The leaf margin is smooth.

Inflorescences and flowers

It is a more or less long, not exfoliated inflorescence stem available. The flowers are borne singly or usually too few to many in zymösen, doldigen or capitate inflorescences. There are usually two, rarely up to eight bracts present; they may be free or fused. There are often more or less long flower stems available.

The hermaphroditic, flowers are three-fold radial symmetry or zygomorphic. The six bracts are alike ( tepals, perianth ); they are free or fused. The bloom can, in different combinations, green to white, cream to yellow, red to pink to purple or brown, rarely (only when Griffenia, Worsleya and Lycoris ) they are bluish, but not pure blue. It can ( for example Narcissus) give a cup-shaped corona. There are almost always two, very rarely only one or several circles, each with three stamens present; they are untereinder free or fused, they can be fused with the the bloom cladding. Some Griffenia species have five and some Gethyllis species up to 60 stamens. The stamens are usually free, but fused cup-shaped at pancratium and Hymenocallis on almost its entire length. The three carpels are fused into a at constant (rarely half under constant ), syncarp nodes. There are one or three stylus available, ending in a capitate or three-lobed stigma. The nectar is carried out depending on the tribe by the bloom ( Galanthieae ) or Septalnektarien of the ovary. Often the flowers smell strongly.

Fruit and seeds

There are usually formed dreifächerige fruit capsules or just with the African tribe Gethyllideae and Haemantheae berries. The winged or wingless seeds are mostly flat and Phytomelane black or rarely fleshy, rounded and green or red. The seeds contain oils but no starch.

Chromosomes and ingredients

As a base chromosome number is x = 11 most often, n = 5-12 or more occurs. The chromosomes are (rarely to 1.5 ) 3 to 28 microns long.

Characteristic ingredients are Phenanthridinalkaloide.

Occurrence

Types of Amaryllidoideae are spread by the moderate over the subtropical to the tropical areas of the world. Centers of diversity are the Capensis with about 28 genera and South America with about 18 genera. Although the Mediterranean is the origin of many ornamental plants, where only eight species are native. In Australia, only three genera occur. In Southern Africa 210 species are endemic. Namaqualand and the Cape house together about 111 species, about 77 % of which are found only there.

Types of Amaryllidoideae thrive in many very different habitats, such as seasonal dry areas, ephemeral ponds, the herbaceous layer of rain forests and mixed forests and shores of rivers.

System

The molecular genetic studies in the last ten years have meant that the family boundaries within the order of asparagus -like ( Asparagales ) have dramatically shifted. The systematics of this subfamily, formerly family, was discussed at length, while subfamilies and tribes were set up and discarded, one is in the literature often encounter apparent inconsistencies. Shown here is the classification by Mark W. Chase et al. 2009th The Amaryllidaceae J.St. - Hil family. has been greatly expanded. The tribes of the former Amaryllidaceae remain unchanged only one rank lower in a subfamily Amaryllidoideae Burnett.

The subfamily Amaryllidoideae was first published in 1835 under the name " Amaryllidae " by Gilbert Thomas Burnett in Outlines of Botany, p 446. Type genus Amaryllis L. Synonyms for Amaryllidoideae Burnett are: . Brunsvigiaceae Horan, Cyrtanthaceae Salisb, Galanthaceae G.Mey, Gethyllidaceae Raf, Haemanthaceae Salisb, Leucojaceae Batsch ex Borkh, Oporanthaceae Salisb, Pancratiaceae Horan, Strumariaceae Salisb. .. .. .. .. , Zephyranthaceae Salisb ..

The subfamily Amaryllidoideae is divided into 14 tribes and includes about 59 to 67 genera with more than 800 species:

  • Tribus Amaryllideae J.St. - Hil. Bisulcaten with pollen. With about ten genera and about 146 species are endemic to Africa. It is structured according to four subtribe, here after the revision of Meerow 2001: Subtribe Amaryllidinae Pax in Engler & Prantl: with only one genus and two species: Amaryllis L.: With only two species in the winter rainfall region of South Africa.
  • Boophone Herb. With only two species in the Southern Africa and tropical East Africa.
  • Ammocharis Herb. Including Cybistetes Milne - Redhead & Schweickerdt with about seven species in Africa.
  • Hook lilies ( Crinum L.): With about 65 species.
  • Brunsvigien ( Brunsvigia Heist. ): With about 20 species in southern Africa.
  • Crossyne Salisb. With only two species, formerly in Boophone. They occur in the Capensis.
  • Hessea Herb. ( Syn: Dewinterella D.Müll. - Doblies & U.Müll. - Doblies, Kamiesbergia Snijman ): With about 13 species in southern Africa.
  • Namaquanula D.Müll. - Doblies & U.Müll. - Doblies: With only two species in the Southern Africa.
  • Guernseylilien ( Nerine Herb. ): With about 25 to 30 species in southern Africa.
  • Strumaria Jacq. ex Willd. ( Syn: Gemmaria Salisb, Carpolyza Salisb, Bokkeveldia D.Müll. - Doblies & U.Müll. - Doblies, Tedingea D.Müll. - Doblies & U.Müll. - Doblies. . ): With about 24 to 28 species in the Southern Africa.
  • Calostemma R.Br.: With three species in Australia.
  • Proiphys Herb. With four species in Australia and Malaysia's.
  • Clinanthus Herb. With about 35 species from Colombia to Chile.
  • Pamianthe Stapf: With about three species in Peru and Chile.
  • Paramongaia Velarde: With only two species, one each only in Peru and only in Chile.
  • Cyrtanthus Aiton: With about 55 species in sub-Saharan Africa, mainly in the Capensis.
  • Caliphuria Herb. With about four species in Colombia and Peru.
  • Eucharis Planch. & Linden: With about 17 species in the Neotropics, for example: Amazon lily ( Eucharis amazonica Linden ex Planchon )
  • Plagiolirion horsmannii Baker: It occurs only in the western Colombia.
  • Chlidanthus Herb. Including Castellanoa Traub, with about six species in the Andes.
  • Eustephia Cav. With about four species in the Andes, mainly in Peru.
  • Hieronymiella Pax: With about five species in the Andes.
  • Pyrolirion Herb. With about four species in the Andes.
  • Acis Salisb. With about nine species.
  • Snowdrop ( Galanthus L.): With about 17 to 20 species.
  • Hannonia brown Blanq. & Maire, with only one type: Hannonia hesperidum Braun- Blanquet & Maire: The home is Morocco.
  • Lapiedra martinezii Lag: The home is Spain and Morocco.
  • Tribus Haemantheae ( Pax ) Hutchinson: Only in this tribe berries are formed. You will Meerow since 2004 divided into three subtribe with six genera and about 80 species are endemic to Africa: Subtribe Cliviinae D.Müll. - Doblies & U.Müll. - Doblies: They thrive mainly in summer rainfall areas of Southern Africa. They form rhizomes as outlasting. With two genera and about seven types: Klivien ( Clivia Lindl. ): With about five species, mostly in the summer rainfall areas, except Clivia mirabilis Rourke. They form rhizomes.
  • Crypto Stephen Welw. ex Baker: With only two species in summer rainfall areas. They form rhizomes.
  • Blood flowers ( Haemanthus L.): With about 20 to 22 species in southern Africa.
  • Scadoxus Raf. With about nine to twelve species in sub-Saharan Africa.
  • Apodolirion Baker: They thrive mainly in summer rainfall areas of Southern Africa. There are two circles, each with three free stamens present, and the scars are still clearly three-lobed. There are about six species.
  • Gethyllis L.: They thrive mainly in winter rainfall areas of Southern Africa. As a special feature within the monocots are in many ways more than 2 × 3 stamens present. There are about 35 species.
  • Tribus Hippeastreae ( Pax & Hoffmann ) Huchinson: The Blütenstandsschäfte are hollow. The bracts are often grown together. The flowers are zygomorphic. The dry seeds are flattened. At about eleven to twelve genera and about 218 species in the Neotropics: Cooperia Herb. Sometimes in Zephyranthes.
  • Eithea Ravenna: With only two species in Brazil.
  • Griffinia Ker Gawl. ( Syn: Hyline Herbert)
  • Habranthus Herb. With about 50 species in the Neotropics.
  • Ritter stars ( Hippeastrum Herb. ): With about 55 species in the Neotropics.
  • Phycella Lindl. (including Famatina Ravenna): With more than seven species only in Chile.
  • Miers placeâ: three to five types only in central Chile.
  • Rhodophiala C.Presl: With 30 to 40 species in Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and Bolivia.
  • Jacob Lilies ( Sprekelia Heist. ): With about two species in Mexico and Guatemala.
  • Traubia Moldenke, with only one type: Traubia modesta ( Phil.) Ravenna: It occurs only in Chile.
  • Worsleya procera ( Lemaire ) Traub: It is endemic to the Organ Mountains in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro.
  • Spider Lily ( Hymenocallis Salisb. ): With about 50 species in the Neotropics.
  • Ismene Salisb. ex Herb. (including Herb Elisena, Velarde Pseudostenomesson. ): With approximately eleven species in the Andes, mainly in Peru.
  • Leptochiton Sealy: With only two species in Peru.
  • Spider Lilies ( Lycoris Herb. ): With about 20 species in Asia.
  • Ungernia Bunge: With about six species in Central Asia.
  • Gold cup or thunderstorm Flowers (. Sternbergia Waldst & Kit. ): With about eight species mainly in the northeastern Mediterranean, for example: Autumn Gold Cup ( Sternbergia lutea (L.) Ker - Gawler ex Sprengel )
  • Funnel daffodils ( pancratium L.): With about 16 to 20 species (including Chapmanolirion Dinter ) in the Old World.
  • Vagaria Herb. With about four species in Morocco, Israel, Lebanon and Syria.
  • Eucrosia Ker - Gawler: With about eight species in Peru.
  • Mathieua Klotzsch, with only one type: Mathieua galanthoides Klotzsch: It is native to Peru.

There are some intergeneric hybrids (selection):

  • × Amarcrinum Coutts = Amaryllis Crinum ×
  • Amarine Sealy × = × Amaryllis Nerine
  • Amaristes Hannibal × = × Amaryllis Cybistetes
  • × amarygia Cif. & Giac. = × Bruns Donna Tubergen ex Worsley = Amaryllis × Brunsvigia
  • × Hippeastrelia = Hippeastrum × Sprekelia
  • Urceocharis Masters × = × Urceolina Eucharis

Cladogram after Meerow 2006:

Agapanthoideae

Amaryllidinae

Boophoninae

Strumariinae

Crininae

Cyrtantheae

Haemantheae

Calostemmateae

Lycorideae

Galantheae

Pancratieae

Narcisseae

Griffineae

Hippeastrineae

Zephyranthinea

Eustephieae

Eucharideae

Clinantheae

Hymenocallideae

Use

Many species in the family Amaryllidaceae family there are varieties that are used worldwide as ornamental plants in parks, gardens and rooms and as cut flowers. As cut flowers, for example, nerines ( Nerine ) and Ritterstern uses ( Hippeastrum ). In temperate latitudes, for example, nodes are flowers ( Leucojum ), snowdrops (Galanthus ) and daffodils ( Narcissus) used in parks and gardens. In warm temperate and subtropical regions are most commonly species and varieties of the genera Amaryllis, Clivia, Hippeastrum, Nerine, and Zephyranthes used in parks and gardens. As houseplants the Clivia ( Clivia miniata ), the Knight Star ( Hippeastrum ) and rarely blood flowers ( Haemanthus ) are used.

Many species are used in traditional folk medicine. Africans used the bulbs and leaves as wraps and decoction to treat inflammation and digestive diseases, but in higher doses they are extremely poisonous. The South African Zulu used the Clivia rhizomes as a protective spell.

Cultural History

In Peru, the Inca adorned with pictures of flowers Amaryllidaceae ( Ismene, Pyolirion and Stenomesson ) ceremonial drinking vessels. In Southern Africa, indigenous peoples often made ​​from plants; the only rock painting of a Brunsvigia - kind in Lesotho perhaps illustrates the importance of the San people of the psychoactive effects were their onions.

Documents

  • Mark W. Chase, James L. Reveal & Michael F. Fay: A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae in Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 161, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 132-136. ( Section systematics)
  • The Amaryllidaceae in APWebsite family. ( Section systematics) used to machine the last article in January 2009
  • The Amaryllidaceae family s.str. DELTA by L. Watson and MJ Dallwitz. ( Section description ) To edit the article last used in January 2009
  • Alan W. Meerow: Neotropical Amaryllidaceae Neotropikey at Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew.
  • Systematics and additional information on the family Amaryllidaceae s.str. the scope of the subfamily Amaryllidoideae. (French )
  • WS Judd, CS Campbell, EA Kellogg, PF Stevens & MJ Donoghue: Amaryllidaceae, In: Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, 3rd edition, Sunderland, Massachusetts, 2007, pp. 270-272, ISBN 978-0-87893-407 -2.
  • Alan W. Meerow & Deirdre A. Snijman: The never - ending story: multigene approaches to the phylogeny of amaryllidaceae, In: Aliso, Volume 22, 2006, pp. 355-366: Full text PDF.
  • Dee Snijman, May 2004: The Amaryllidaceae family s.str. the scope of the subfamily Amaryllidoideae at PlantZAfrica the South African National Biodiversity Institute = SANBI.
  • Alan W. Meerow & Deirdre A. Snijman: Phylogeny of Amaryllidaceae Tribe Amaryllideae Based on nrDNA ITS Sequences and Morphology, In: American Journal of Botany, Volume 88 (12 ), 2001, pp. 2321-2330.
  • Zhanhe Ji & Alan W. Meerow: Amaryllidaceae, pp. 260-265 - text the same online as printed work, In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 24 - Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae, Science Press et al, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5.
  • Alan W. Meerow, Mark W. Chase, Charles L. Guy, Q.-B. Li, Deirdre A. Snijman & Si -Ling Yang: Phylogeny of Amaryllidaceae: molecules and morphology. Pp. 368-382 in K. Wilson & D. Morrison ( ed.): Monocots, systematics and evolution, CSIRO Press, Sydney, 2000.
  • Alan W. Meerow, Charles L. Guy, Q B. Li & Si -Ling Yang: Phylogeny of neotropical Amaryllidaceae based on nrDNA ITS sequences, in Systematic Botany, Volume 25, Issue 4, 2000, pp. 708-726 ( DOI: 10.1007/s00606-003-0085-z ). .
  • Alan W. Meerow, Michael F. Fay, Charles L. Guy, Q.-B. Li, F.Q. Zaman & Mark W. Chase: Systematic of Amaryllidaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid rbcL and TML F sewuences of data, In: . American Journal of Botany, Volume 86, 1999, pp. 1325-1345.
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