Cyrtanthus

Cyrtanthus brachyscyphus, Habit and inflorescences of these evergreen species

Cyrtanthus is the only genus of the tribe Cyrtantheae in the subfamily Amaryllidoideae within the plant family of the Amaryllis family ( Amaryllidaceae ). The about 56 to 60 species are native to Africa subsaharaischen.

• 5.1 Notes and references

Description

The genus Cyrtanthus is highly variable in both the vegetative and in the generative features.

Appearance and leaves

The Cyrtanthus species grow as a perennial, herbaceous plant, reaching very different growth heights depending on the type. Form as outlasting onions which have a diameter of 1 to 5 cm and usually does not protrude from the ground. The bulbs often produce many daughter bulbs. They are either evergreen ( Cyrtanthus brachysciphus, Cyrtanthus elatus, Cyrtanthus epiphyticus, Cyrtanthus herrei, Cyrtanthus montanus, Cyrtanthus obliquus, Cyrtanthus obrienii, Cyrtanthus ochroleucus, Cyrtanthus staadensis ) or are geophytes, in which, during the dry season dry up the leaves and fresh leaves only after the cast heyday again. Among the geophytes, there are species that are green in the South African summer and another in winter.

The depending on the type few to many only basal, erect to spreading leaves are sessile. The simple leaf blades are linear to strap- shaped, sometimes turned upside down to spiral. The leaf surfaces are bare and the blade edge is smooth. The midrib is often significantly elevated and there is Parallelnervigkeit ago.

Inflorescence and flowers

The most hollow, barren inflorescence stem is erect. Depending on the type are one to many flowers together in an often constructed loosely, doldigen inflorescence. In knospigen state envelop two to four narrow - lanceolate, membranous bracts ( spathe ) and has the inflorescence, they wither early during anthesis. The flowers are on a cover sheet ( Brakteolen ) respectively. The upright to hanging flower stalks are most equal in length to the perianth.

In some species smell the flowers. The depending on the nature very different sized flowers are hermaphrodite, rarely radial symmetry, usually somewhat zygomorphic and threefold. The six identically shaped bracts are grown on more than half of their length to an often curved tube that is more or less widened at their base. The perianth is tubular or trumpet- shaped. The color of the bloom ranges from white to yellow to orange and red to pink. There are two circles, each with three equal, stamens present, which can project beyond the perianth. The stamens are usually among themselves free or rarely fused with a broadened base and then form a corona. The anthers are dorsifix or rarely pseudo- basifix and move freely. Three carpels are fused to an almost spherical, dreikammerigen, inferior ovary. Each ovary chamber contains many (10 to 30) ovules. The upright, straight pen is as long or longer than the stamens and may project beyond the perianth; He ends with a short to clearly three-lobed stigma.

For some species, the English common name "fire lily" is used, it is for example for Cyrtanthus contractus, Cyrtanthus ventricosus and Cyrtanthus odorus also a very fitting name. This species bloom very quickly after bushfires. From Cyrtanthus ventricosus is known to have flourished nine days after a bush fire and Cyrtanthus odorus is believed that it blooms in nature only by bush fires.

For most types of Cyrtanthus the heyday of the South African late summer reaches up to mid-autumn. Exceptions are, for example Cyrtanthus galpinii whose heyday of early enough by the end of the South African winter, and Cyrtanthus falcatus that blooms in early spring.

For species of the genus Cyrtanthus there are many different pollinators. The summer and autumn red flowering species are pollinated by large butterflies ( from the subfamily of Julia Butterfly ( Satyrinae ), for example Aero Petes tulbaghia ). In species with red, tubed flowers are sunbirds ( Nectariniidae ) pollinators. Moths pollinate species (eg Cyrtanthus mackenii ) with fragrant flowers and engröhrigen. Bees and flies were observed langrüsselige as pollinators.

Fruit and seeds

The more or less ellipsoidal, lokulizidalen fruit capsules open with three to zurückkrümmenden fruit flaps. The black seeds are flattened, winged wrinkled and usually a little bit.

Chromosome number

The basic chromosome number of x = 8, it differs Cyrtanthus of most genera of Amaryllidoideae from.

Occurrence

The genus Cyrtanthus is widespread in sub-Saharan countries on the African continent. 22 species are elements of Capensis. In the Eastern Cape, most species occur.

Most species thrive in the humid climate of the eastern portion of Southern Africa. Only six species date back to the summer dry area of ​​southwestern capensis. To the north, to East Africa reach only two ways.

Systematics and endangering the species

The genus name Cyrtanthus was first published in 1789 by William Aiton in Hortus Kewensis, 1 S. 414. As Lectotypusart 1951 Cyrtanthus angustifolius Aiton by Edwin Percy Phillips in The Genera of South African Flowering Plants, 2nd edition, p 204 has been set. A homonym is published by Johann Christian Daniel Schreber in Genera Plantarum, 1789, p 122 in the same year name Cyrtanthus Schreb .. This was in Vienna ICBN Art 14:10 & App. III set. Synonyms of Cyrtanthus Aiton are: Anoiganthus Baker, Gastronema Herb, Herb Monella, Vallota Salisb. .. ex Herb ... The genus name Cyrtanthus derives from the Greek words kyrtos for curved and anthos for flower from, this refers to the curved corolla tube Cyrtanthus of many species.

Cyrtanthus is the only genus of the tribe Cyrtantheae Salisb. in the subfamily Amaryllidoideae within the family of Amaryllidaceae. Previously, she was also classified in the family Liliaceae.

There are about 56 to 60 Cyrtanthus types:

• Cyrtanthus angustifolius ( Lf) Aiton: It occurs in the Capensis. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus attenuatus RADyer: It comes from Free State prior to Lesotho. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus aureolinus Snijman: This 2007 first described endemic species is known only from a wet site in the Swartberg Mountains in the Western Cape. He was in the Red List of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Critically Rare " = 2009 " rare but not endangered" rated.
• Cyrtanthus bicolor RADyer: It comes from Mpumalanga ago to Swaziland. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus brachyscyphus Baker (syn.: Cyrtanthus parviflorus Baker): It comes from the Eastern Cape to KwaZulu- Natal before. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus brachysiphon Hilliard & BLBurtt: It occurs in KwaZulu -Natal. It was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Endangered " = 2009 " high risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus breviflorus Harv. Before you comes from Kenya to South Africa. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus carneus Lindl. It occurs in the southern Western Cape. It was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Vulnerable " = 2009 'at risk' rated.
• Cyrtanthus clavatus (L' Hér. ) RADyer: It occurs in the southern capensis.
• Cyrtanthus collinus Ker Gawl. It occurs in the Capensis. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus contractus NEBr. It occurs in South Africa. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus debilis Snijman: It comes in southern Western Cape before (only in the Outeniqua Mountains). It was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Rare " = 2009 " rare but not endangered" rated.
• Cyrtanthus elatus ( Jacq. ) Traub: It occurs in the Capensis. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus epiphyticus JMWood: It comes from the Eastern Cape to KwaZulu- Natal before. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus erubescens Killick: This rare species occurs only at a few sites before in the Drakensberg in KwaZulu -Natal. It was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Rare " = 2009 " rare but not endangered" rated.
• Cyrtanthus eucallus RADyer: She comes Mpumalanga ago. It was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Vulnerable " = 2009 'at risk' rated.
• Cyrtanthus falcatus RADyer: She comes KwaZulu- Natal before. It was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Rare " = 2009 " rare but not endangered" rated.
• Cyrtanthus fergusoniae L.Bolus: It occurs in the southern Western Cape. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus flammosus Snijman & Van Jaarsv. It comes in the Eastern Cape. It is known only to one location, but still not be endangered. It was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Critically Rare " = 2009 " rare but not endangered" rated.
• Cyrtanthus flanaganii Baker: It occurs in South Africa. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus flavus Barnes: It occurs in the Eastern Cape. It was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Vulnerable " = 2009 'at risk' rated.
• Cyrtanthus galpinii Baker: It comes from the western front Mozambique to South Africa. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus guthrieae L.Bolus: It occurs in the southern Western Cape. It was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Critically Endangered " = 2009 " threatened with extinction " rated.
• Cyrtanthus helictus clay. It occurs in the Eastern Cape.
• Cyrtanthus herrei ( FMLeight. ) RADyer: It comes from Namibia to the Western Cape. It was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as a " Near Threatened " = 2009 " Near Threatened " rated.
• Cyrtanthus huttonii Baker: It comes from Mpumalanga prior to the Eastern Cape. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus inaequalis O'Brien: It occurs in the southern Western Cape. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus junodii Beauverd: It comes before the North Cape.
• Cyrtanthus labiatus RADyer: It occurs in the Eastern Cape. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus Leptosiphon Snijman: It occurs in the southern Western Cape. It was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Critically Endangered " = 2009 " threatened with extinction " rated.
• Cyrtanthus leucanthus Schltr. It occurs in the southern Western Cape. It was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Endangered " = 2009 " high risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus loddigesianus ( Herb. ) RADyer: It occurs in the Eastern Cape. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus mackenii Hook.f.: It occurs by two species from the Eastern Cape to KwaZulu -Natal. One of them is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus macmasteri Snijman: It occurs in the Eastern Cape. It was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Vulnerable " = 2009 'at risk' rated.
• Cyrtanthus macowanii Baker: She comes up before Mpumalanga Eastern Cape. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus montanus RADyer: It occurs to the Eastern Cape. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus nutans RADyer: It comes from KwaZulu -Natal ago to Swaziland.
• Cyrtanthus obliquus ( Lf) Aiton: It occurs in inland areas of KwaZulu -Natal and the southeastern region of the Eastern Cape. It was rated 2009 in the Red List of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Declining " in order to be expressed that this type continuously decreases of copies, but this has not yet led to this species is endangered.
• Cyrtanthus obrienii Baker: It comes from the Eastern Cape to KwaZulu- Natal before. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus ochroleucus ( Herb. ) Burch. ex Steud. It occurs in the southern Western Cape. It was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Vulnerable " = 2009 'at risk' rated.
• Cyrtanthus odorus Ker Gawl. It occurs in the southern Western Cape. It was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Endangered " = 2009 " high risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus rhodesianus Rendle: It comes in tropical Southern Africa before only in the Chimanimani Mountains.
• Cyrtanthus rhododactylus Stapf: It occurs in the Capensis. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus rotundilobus NEBr. It occurs in the Eastern Cape. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus sanguineus ( Lindl. ) Walp. She comes from Sudan to Tanzania and from the Eastern Cape to KwaZulu -Natal before. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus smithiae Watt ex Harv. It occurs in the Eastern Cape. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus spiralis Burch. ex Ker Gawl. It occurs in the Eastern Cape. It was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Endangered " = 2009 " high risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus staadensis Schönland: It occurs in the Eastern Cape. It was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as a " Near Threatened " = 2009 " Near Threatened " rated.
• Cyrtanthus stenanthus Baker: It comes with two varieties available in South Africa. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus striatus Herb. It occurs in the Capensis.
• Cyrtanthus suaveolens Schönland: It occurs in the Eastern Cape. It was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Endangered " = 2009 " high risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus thorncroftii CHWright: It occurs in the Northern Cape. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus tuckii Baker: It comes with three varieties available in South Africa. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus ventricosus Willd. It occurs in the southern capensis. It is in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Least Concern " = " not at risk " rating.
• Cyrtanthus wellandii Snijman: It occurs in the southern capensis. It was in the red list of endangered plant species in South Africa as " Vulnerable " = 2009 'at risk' rated.
• Cyrtanthus welwitschii Hiern ex Baker: They occur in tropical southern Africa.

Use

Some species are used as ornamental plants. Most common are Cyrtanthus sanguineus and Cyrtanthus elatus in culture.

Swell

• John C. Manning, Peter Goldblatt & Deirdre A. Snijman: The Color Encyclopedia of Cape Bulbs, 2002, Timber Press, Portland. ISBN 0-88192-547-0: Cyrtanthus on p 116-124 (Section Description, occurrence and use)
• Emily Smith 27 April 2009: Cyrtanthus - Data sheet at Gateway to African Plants. ( Description section )
• Graham Duncan, July 2002 Cyrtanthus Aiton at PlantZAfrica from the South African National Biodiversity Institute = SANBI. (Section Description, occurrence and use)
• C. O'Neill: The genus Cyrtanthus, In: Herbertia, Volume 46 (1990 ): 1991, p 37
• Deirdre A. Snijman: Amaryllidaceae: Cyrtantheae: new species and notes on Cyrtanthus in the Southern Cape, South Africa, In: Bothalia, Volume 29 (2 ), 1999, pp. 258-263.
• Deirdre A. Snijman: A new Cyrtanthus species ( Amaryllidaceae: Cyrtantheae ) endemic to the Albany Centre, Eastern Cape, South Africa, In: Bothalia, Volume 33 (2 ), 2003, pp. 145-147.