Tower mill
A tower windmill ( Ndl torenmolen, Eng. Tower ( wind ) mill, moulin French tour) is a windmill with cylindrical, turmartigem mill house made of stone and solid cap (later with rotating hood ) as early as the 13th and 14th centuries on castle walls (castle Hammerstein ), fortifications and ramparts ( Zons, Cologne ( Bottmühle, Ulrepforte and others), Wijk bij Duurstede near Utrecht, The Netherlands) was built. On the Lower Rhine called this, there frequently encountered fortified mills because of its squat design also bears ( mills ).
Description
The wing cross or wheel or the cap - this mostly flat cone - are firmly attached to the mill tower, and not rotatable horizontally, can not be turned into a different wind direction and thus had at the start of construction on the main wind direction to be aligned. In Europe, this type since the 14th century mainly in the region around the Mediterranean (Spain, Greece, Southern France etc. ) as there own type (so-called "Mediterranean type") is known with country-specific wing design. This can be a wing cross to the western European pattern (eg sailing gate leaf) or a windmill construction of four, six or eight arranged to form a wheel rod rods, connected at the ends with a revolving wire and up to twelve or more battered at the rod ends triangular sails (see below page with Cretan windmill tower at the Deutsches Museum ). This windmill type is also called " sail windmill " after sailing wing cross. The transfer of power in the mill interior was carried out first by simple gear, and later on cog wheel and bevel.
Development
A further development was the tower mills of the so-called Dutch type in Central and Western Europe (Holland, Germany, France, England, Ireland ), Denmark, Sweden, isolated in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary, often at ground level or on a hill - like a earth or mountain Dutch, who have one, often rotating inside cap ( Innenkrühwerk, ndl. binnenkruier ). This is the older method of rotation for cap mills that Steertnachführung was not developed until the 16th century. They have a cylindrical, sometimes slightly conical outside, walled up in stone, tall and slender or massive and stocky -looking mill house - the mill tower. They originated in the 15th century. As an example, the "Step Rather mill " in Geldern- Walbeck is called a cylindrical tower windmill with cod-end tracking. It is the oldest, dating from the 15th century, functional windmill in Germany. In the east of Germany are mainly the low, mostly cylindrical, squat -looking tower windmill type with max. three storeys, often with onion or bell cap and Windrose control, but also high tower mills like the one in Pahrenz, community Hirschenstein. The pantaleon or Neumühlestrasse ( Lohmühle ) was on the Bachtor derStadtmauer in Cologne ( 1730-1860 ) built was the highest in the world (1880 burned in 1883 demolished) with 35 m tower height (39 m incl cone cap with Steertkrühwerk ).
In Mill Country Netherlands only cylindrical stone mills hot torenmolens, the conical ( in Holland within cities often 25 m and higher outstanding ) - depending on the design - ronde stenen stellingmolens ( " round stone gallery mills " ( Galerieholländer ) ), ronde stenen bergmolens ( " round stone mountain Dutch mills " ) or ronde stenen backgrond Zeiler ( " round stone - ground-sailer " ( Erdholländermühlen ) ). You always have a Außenkrühwerk with reel and cod-end or rare with compass rose. Among them are the world's tallest windmills De Nolet (43 m cap height, built in 2006, power generator, not a "real " mill) and De Noord (built in 1807; 33.5 m) in Schiedam, South Holland.
Dissemination
To the west of North Rhine- Westphalia are many such mills ( Immerather mill at Erkelenz, Kevelaerer mill, mill Niederembter ( Bergheim ), the Egelsberger and Elfrather mill in the mill district of Minden -Lübbecke and others), but most of them non-functional. In East Germany, they were built primarily in Saxony, Saxony -Anhalt, Thuringia, further in Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic (eg the " Old windmill Kuželov " south-east of Brno, close to the border with Slovakia with conical mill tower, a tower - Erdholländer ).
In the Netherlands four functional ( cylindrical ) tower windmills as grain mills, three as internal turner in the province of Gelderland in the places Lienden ( De Zwaan, 1644), Zeddam ( Grafelijke Torenmolen, 1441 ) and Zevenaar ( de Buitenmolen, 1408, or 1450 ) and a fourth in Maastricht Gronsveld (van Gronsveld, 1618-1623 ). It is as an external rotator ( with Außenkrühwerk -. Codend and reel, ndl buitenkruier ) constructed and the Netherlands southernmost windmill.
In France, there are especially in the south ( Aquitaine), west ( Loire region ), northern and central France, a number of preserved Tower Windmill (French moulin à tour, moulin tour [ à vent ] ): eg " Moulin Alphonse Daudet " Fontvieille, Alpilles, near Arles; " Moulin de Bélard ", St. -Lys, Haute -Garonne. One can speak of three tower windmill types here:
- In France used: the typical tower windmill with a cylindrical tower made of natural stone, in some regions, slightly conical and up to six stories high, cap rotatable with often steep conical roof (in the south (Provence, Languedoc -Roussillon, etc.) only to or from the wall edge reaching roof ( wall ring ) ) and generally with a dormer wing -like canopy of wave leakage.
- In Flanders ( Nord-Pas -de- Calais ): Similar to the Dutch stone windmills with a slim, conical stone, as a gallery, ground and wall windmills.
- In Brittany and on the Atlantic coast of the Loire region in addition to the classic French tower windmills those with significantly further upstairs opposite the base ( " big heads " (Fr. "big - têtes " ) or " small feet " (French "petit - pieds " ) called windmills )
In England this type of mill is not a rare sight. Examples can be found all over England scattered like the tower windmills " Stembridge " ( only thatched tower mill in England) and " Ashton " in Somerset, " Chesterton " ( globally unique arcade tower mill with an arcaded Rondell as lower floor is ) in Warwickshire, and more. In Ireland the two tower windmills in Skerries (Co. Fingal ) are well known, both externally rotated with five and four wings. However, one designated there as well as in Germany any type stone windmills (see above), slender and tapered ( Stone Gallery Holländermühle ) or squat and cylindrical ( "real" tower windmills ) as tower mills ( tower mills ) or tower windmills ( tower windmills ). Particularly striking are the slender, conical, usually with bitumen as moisture protection black-painted Lincolnshire mills, with four, five and six wings. As such, particularly the six-story tower gallery Holländermühle of 1830 in Heckington, North Kesteven, Lincolnshire, famous, the world's only windmill of this type with eight (!) Blinds wings.