Tricholoma saponaceum
The soaps Knight (Tricholoma saponaceum )
The soaps Knight (Tricholoma saponaceum ) is a species of fungus in the family of Tricholoma relatives ( Tricholomataceae ). The medium to large and highly variable Ritterlingsartige is characterized primarily by its soap- like odor. In addition, his flesh reddens in the stem base in violation. The fruiting bodies appear between August and November in deciduous and coniferous forest. The Knight Ling is considered inedible or slightly toxic.
- 5.1 Infra Generic Systematics
- 5.2 Subspecies and varieties
- 7.1 Notes and references
Features
Macroscopic characteristics
The hat is 4-8 (-16 ) cm broad, at first hemispherical, later convex to flattened. Often it is more or less bent or hunched irregular. The hat skin is bare and more or less matte and smooth. However, it can also be grown faserschuppig or tear cracked or scaly with age. Moisture will most slightly greasy. The hat color is highly variable. The hat can be black brown, copper red, gray brown to olive brown or greenish or yellowish tint he is. He rarely is entirely white. Dark tinted copies are to brim towards becoming significantly lighter. The brim is bent downwards and surmounted the fins something.
The wide, away lamella bulges are grown on a stick. They are dirty whitish colored to yellowish green and turn red after some time, when they are violated. The spore powder is white.
The cylindrical, 4-10 cm long and 1.5-2 cm wide pedicle is often fusiform, sometimes clavate. He is cremeweißlich or carries gray-brown flakes or fibers. The stem base is usually pointed.
The pretty solid flesh is dirty whitish or pale and reddens at injured sites also after some time. Particularly strong reddens the stem base. The fruiting body smells significantly after soap or laundry room and tastes mild, but unpleasant, usually somewhat dull, flour -like or bitterly. Very young, fresh specimens smell more or less neutral. Often the smell is clearly perceptible only after a few hours.
Microscopic characteristics
The smooth, elliptical spores are inamyloid and 5-6 microns long and 3-4 microns wide. You are translucent ( hyaline ) and partially contained drops. Cystidia lacking both the lamellae and in the hat skin, but buckles are quite numerous before.
Artabgrenzung
Through its various color and shape variations of soap riding ring is sometimes difficult to determine. This is especially true for young, fresh specimens that have not yet developed the typical smell. But after a few hours (sometimes only on the day after collection ) the unmistakable characteristics such as the characteristic soapy smell and reddening of the fungus on sites of injury are detectable. In fungi with a dark-colored hat brim lighter is a good identification.
Ecology
The Soap Tricholoma is a mycorrhizal fungus, which can form a symbiotic partnership with various deciduous and coniferous trees. In the first place you can find him in beech and spruce trees and occasionally in hornbeam, oak and fir trees. The Piz grows in shady beech, beech-fir and spruce- fir forests. Especially frequently it is with some forestry -mixed spruce found in Luzulo and woodruff-beech forests. In hornbeam - oak and ash - sycamore forests it is found only occasionally. The Tricholoma occurs on all fresh to fresh - moist soils, regardless of whether they are acidic, neutral or alkaline. The fruiting bodies appear sociable August to November. The fungus comes from the plains to present in the higher mountains.
Dissemination
The Soap Tricholoma was detected in North America (USA, Canada), Central America (Costa Rica, Colombia), North Africa (Morocco ), Asia (India, Israel, the Caucasus, Siberia, Korea, Japan) and Europe. In the Holarctic he is meridionally to boreal ( subarctic ) spread. In Europe the species is very wide and regional densely distributed. In southern Europe it is distributed from Spain to the Ukraine in the east southeast. In Western Europe it occurs in France, the Benelux countries and the UK, where it is spread northward up to the Hebrides. It is found throughout Central Europe and Eastern Europe, it occurs in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. In Northern Europe it is widespread throughout Fennoscandia. In Finland, its range extends northward to the 70th degree of latitude, also it occurs also to Iceland.
In Germany it is widespread from the Danish border to the Alps into it and quite often; it is loosening and compaction areas alternate. In Austria, the Tricholoma is frequent.
System
Infra Generic Systematics
The Soap Tricholoma is the model type of the subgenus Contextocutis Singer and the model type of the section Saponacea M. Bon. The representatives of the subgenus have a normal hat skin. Buckles come more or less in front of numerous and the pigment is located primarily in vacuoles. The representatives of the section have a stem base which reddens with injury and characteristic smell of soap or laundry room.
Subspecies and varieties
The various manifestations of Soap Tricholoma have many mycologists inspired to give this name, even though the taxonomic value of the individual varieties is rather limited.
- Var cnista ( Krombholz ) JE Lange 1933: The fruiting bodies are all white.
- Var latendanum Rolland 1891 ( = Tricholoma boudieri Barla 1888): The meat goes to reddish to breaking points.
- Var napipes ( Krombholz ) JE Lange 1890: The hat is more or less yellowish, and the fins are yellow and the stems are swollen turnip -shaped.
- Var squamosum ( Cooke ) Rea 1922: Is a form with a dark hat and dark blue-green scales on the stem.
- Var sulphurinum ( Quél. ) Rea 1922: The hat has a sulfur- yellow hue.
- Var atrovirens ( Pers.) Sacc. (1887 ): Brownish gray shapes with greenish Beitönen who wear sometimes blackish scales on the hat.
Importance
The Soap Tricholoma is slightly toxic. It causes diarrhea and vomiting cases, also the raw mushroom hemolysins contains (blood corrosive substances). He is good boiled referred usable " in older mushroom books as" in the mixing dish. In larger quantities it is to produce for Rotary nausea and vomiting, so he is usually referred to as a poison mushroom. It is unclear whether the different varieties of soap Knight Lings have different toxic effects.