List of Byzantine emperors
This list of Byzantine emperors provides a systematic overview of the rulers of the Byzantine Empire. It contains all the emperors from Constantine the Great ( 306-337 ), of the Roman Empire from 324 the new imperial residence Konstantin Opel eased the achievement of autocracy build and is considered the first Byzantine emperor from that date until Constantine XI. Palaiologos, the 1453 Opel Konstantin lost to the Ottomans.
In research, the rulers of the late antique - early Byzantine phase of the kingdom (up to Heraclius 641 ), in which even Latin was the court and administrative language, usually referred to as East Roman Emperor and, at least to Justinian I still to the Roman emperors counted. Not to the Byzantine emperors, the 284-324 in the east of the empire ruling Tetrarch Diocletian, Galerius, Maximinus Daia and Licinius be expected. For the period 1204-1261, when Constantine Opel was ruled as a Latin Empire by the Crusaders, the rulers of the Empire Nikaia be performed as Byzantine emperor. The rulers of the Empire of Trebizond (1204-1461) of the dynasty of the Byzantine Emperor Komnenos are not considered.
Notes
The following list outlines in addition to the portraits of the Emperor their names commonly used in the German language, their full name (without titulary ), their reign ( at usurpers and pretenders: time of their claim ) and any special features. For the early Byzantine period is given in original Greek name of the Greek version of the preference (for example: Zenon ), unless the Latin is much more common (example: Hypatius ). In homonymy the Latin name is output in counting consecutively even after late antiquity maintained (examples: Leo III instead of Leon, Theodosius Theodosius III instead. . ). Some emperors changed their name over the course of their lives, such as through adoption or the accession to power of. Is given the last one conducted name without honorific. Unofficial or later epithet are italicized.
White background and greased are the legitimate ruling emperors ( Augusti, basileis; Example: Constantine I ) and their nominally peer co-regent ( Symbasileis ). Fatliquoring omitted for empresses or not consistently recognized or uncrowned emperors (Examples: Irene, Constantinople (XI ) ); the same is true for anti-emperor, which temporarily displaced the legitimate ruler, unless they were from the ruling dynasty and its rule by the Senate or the Church (ie the Patriarch ) was recognized (examples: Basiliscus, Artabasdos ).
Blue background and greased are co-emperor, who consistently exercised de facto regent for a nominally legitimate ruler (example: Romanus I ). The oiling is omitted with only a temporary or illegitimate exercise of independent government business (for example Matthew).
Co-regent and Under Emperor and designated heir to the throne ( Caesares, Sebastokratoren, despots ), who reigned at no time legitimate stand alone application, in the comment column the respective emperors, stating its nominal government years, or the years of her Would sponsorship, if known, associated with (example: Dalmatius ). Title holders under several emperors are listed only once in the comment column (usually with the emperor, who conferred the / the title first, for example: Constantine Ducas Porphyrogenitus, co-emperor under Michael VII, I. Alexios is not listed again ). With slash preceding years italic numbers denote the year of acclamation or designation described in later completion of coronation and official inauguration (example:. Michael IX in 1281 designated as co-emperor, crowned in 1295 ). Are also listed non- Byzantines, which the title was formally awarded by the Emperor (example: Tervel ). So-called " Emperor Makers " are marked with the preposition "with" (example: " by Aspar "). Empresses ( Augustae, Basilissai ) are named as regents if they were equal to the emperor nominally and exercised the power to have it (example: Pulcheria ) or taken control after the death of the Emperor himself ( transitional ) have (example: Domnica ).
Italics are first co-emperor, whose existence or empire is not definite evidence (example: Arcadius II ); 2 presumptive heir to the throne and Nobilissimi that were not officially proclaimed as a result of their own death or the death or overthrow the emperor either to Caesar or Augustus, or for a survey of Caesar is no definite evidence (example: Varronian ); 3 De facto regent ( Regent ), who were the Emperor concerned not dynastic connected (example: Rufinus under Arcadius ); Fourth candidate for the throne, which by its own waiver ( recusatio imperii ) at throne vacancy indirectly to " Kaiser -makers " (Example: Jovian emperor " of waiver by Salutius ").
In red are Gegenkaiser and usurpers. This does not apply anti-emperor in Constantinople Opel, whose rule was recognized by the Senate or of the Church, even if the legitimate rulers of imperial territory continued to produce their own government activity and the rival has resisted ( see above). By " anti-emperor " usurpers and pretenders to be understood in the narrow sense, which have gained the title of emperor himself or have been acclaimed by their troops or supporters. As a " usurper " are marked in the list figures for either the formal act of Kaiser survey is not known certainly, but usurped de facto imperial powers or behave disloyal and occupied a not insignificant territorial power base or dynastic position have or where the outrage geographically limited (maximum one province / an issue ) and as short -term ( maximum of a few days) was, that has de facto existed no threat to the legitimate ruler.
Listed are also not Byzantine ruler, who claimed on former German territory or in territory under nominal Byzantine suzerainty of the title of Emperor or imperial similar position ( imitatio imperii; Examples: Theudebert, Stefan Dušan ). If the Regent position was officially legitimized by obtaining Roman or Byzantine honorary title, the figures are listed next to the Emperor (example: Theodoric under Anastasius I ).
Italics are first rebels, conspirators or separatists, which is unlikely, or at least uncertain whether they have claimed the imperial dignity, but in the tradition to usurpers ( tyrannoi ) were stylized (example: Vitalian ); 2 late antique Jewish- Samaritan "kings" in Palestine, whose messianic claim the legitimacy of imperial rule called into question (example: Patricius ).
Usurpers who were at times even legitimate carrier of the above imperial Would, are not specifically listed, but will remain as such in the comment column of each emperor assigned (examples: Anastasios II, Emperor 713-715/16, or John Doukas, Caesar since 1061 under Constantine X. and his successors, are under Leo III. , or Michael VII does not specifically listed as anti-emperor ).
With regard to the anti-emperor rises the list is not exhaustive, especially as some of nothing or almost nothing is known except their names.