List of state leaders in 1665

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Africa

• Ethiopia Kaiser ( Negus Nagast ): Fasilides ( 1632-1667 )

• Bamum ( in present-day Cameroon) King: Kigeri II (1648-1672)

• Bornu ( in present-day Niger) Sefuwa Dynasty King / May: Ali II (1639-1677)

• Dahomey King: Houegbadja (1645-1685)

• Jolof ( in present-day Senegal) Buur -ba Jolof: Birayma Mba (1649-1670)

• Kano King: Bawa (1660-1670)

• Congo (1665 conquered by Portugal ) Mani Congo: Antonio I. (1661-1665)

• Morocco ( Alawites ) Sultan Moulay al-Rashid (1664-1672)

• Munhumutapa Empire Ruler: Kamharapasu Mukombwe (1663-1692)

• Rwanda King: Kigeri II (1648-1672)

• Sultanate of Sennar ( in modern Sudan ) Sultan: Badi II ( 1644/45-1681 )

America

• Brazil Viceroy: Vasco de Mascarenhas (1663-1667) (1640 Governor General of Brazil, 1652-1653 Viceroy of Portuguese India )

• Viceroyalty of New Spain Viceroy Antonio de Toledo y Salazar (1664-1673)

• Viceroyalty of Peru Viceroy: Diego de Benavides y de la Cueva (1661-1666)

Asia

• Burma Arakan King: Sanda Thudhamma (1652-1674)

• King: Pye (1661-1672)

• Brunei Sultan Abdul Mubin (1660-1673)

• China ( Qing Dynasty ) Emperor: Kangxi (1661-1722)

• Georgia Imereti King Bagrat V. (1660, 1664-1668, 1668-1678, 1679-1681 )

• King: Archil II (1664-1675)

• King Vakhtang V. (1658-1675)

• Prince Levan III. Dadiani (1661-1681)

• India Ahom ( Assam ) King: Supangmunga (1663-1670)

• Bijapur Sultan Ali Adil Shah II (1656-1672)

• Sultan Abdullah Qutb Shah (1626-1672)

• Nayak: Chokkanatha Nayak (1662-1682)

• Mughal emperor: Aurangzeb (1658-1707)

• Maharaja: Dodda Kempadevaraja (1659-1673)

• Viceroy António de Melo e Castro (1662-1666)

• Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III. (1623-1677)

• Governor General: Joan Maetsuycker (1653-1678) (1646-1660 Dutch Governor of Ceylon )

• Japan Emperor ( Tenno ): round ( 1663-1687 )
• Shogun: Tokugawa Ietsuna (1651-1680)

• Cambodia King: Barom Reachea V. (1659-1672)

• Kazakh Khanate Khan: Batyr (1652-1680)

• Korea ( Joseon Dynasty ) King: Hyeonjong (1659-1674)

• Lan Xang (now Laos) King: Sulingvongse (1638-1690)

• Nepal Bhaktapur King: Jagat Prakash Malla (1644-1673)

• King Pratap Malla (1641-1674)

• King: Srinivasa Malla (1661-1685)

• Persia ( Safavid dynasty ) Shah Abbas II (1642-1666)

• Philippines Maguindanao Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat (1619-1671) (1645-1648 Sultan of Sulu )

• Sri Lanka Kandy King Rajasinha II (1629-1687)

• Governor: Ryklof van Goens (1660-1661, 1663, 1664-1675 )

• Thailand ( Ayutthaya ) King Narai (1656-1688)

• Vietnam Cao Bằng (Mac Dynasty) Ruler: Mac Kinh Vũ (1638-1677)

• King: Lê Huyen Tông (1662-1671)

• Ruler: Nguyễn Phúc Tan (1648-1687)

• Ruler: Trinh Tac (1657-1682)

Europe

• Andorra Co - Prince: King of France Louis XIV (1643-1715)
• Bishop of Urgell: Melcior Palau i Boscà (1664-1670)

• Denmark and Norway King Friedrich III. (1648-1670) (1634-1648 Administrator of Bremen, 1623-1629, 1634-1648 Administrator of Verden)

• England, Ireland and Scotland King: Charles II (1660-1685)

• France King Louis XIV (1643-1715)

• Holy Roman Empire King and Emperor Leopold I. (1658-1705) (1657-1705 King of Bohemia, 1657-1705 Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary 1657-1705 )
• Electoral College Archbishopric of Cologne Elector Maximilian Henry of Bavaria (1650-1688) (1650-1688 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1650-1688 Bishop of Liege, 1683-1688 Bishop of Münster, 1650-1688 Provost of Berchtesgaden, in 1657 Abbot of Stavelot - Malmedy)

• Elector Johann Philipp von Schönborn (1647-1673) (1663-1673 Bishop of Worms, 1642-1673 Bishop of Würzburg)

• Elector Karl Kaspar von der Leyen (1652-1676)

• Elector Ferdinand Maria (1651-1679)

• Elector: Leopold I (1657-1705) (1658-1705 Emperor, 1657-1705 Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary 1657-1705 )

• Elector Friedrich Wilhelm (1640-1688) (1640-1688 duke of Prussia)

• Elector Karl Ludwig I. (1648-1680)

• Elector Johann Georg II (1656-1680)

• Bishopric of Augsburg Bishop Sigismund Francis of Austria (1646-1665) (1659-1665 Bishop of Trento )
• Bishop Johann Christoph von Freyberg (1665-1690) (1660-1674 provost of Ellwangen )

• Bishop: Philipp Valentin Voit of Rieneck (1653-1672)

• Bishop Johann Konrad I of Rye Brook (1656-1693)

• Propst: Maximilian Henry of Bavaria (1650-1688) (1650-1688 Archbishop of Cologne, 1650-1688 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1650-1688 Bishop of Liege, 1683-1688 Bishop of Munster, in 1657 Abbot of Stavelot - Malmedy)

• Bishop: Sigmund Alphons von Thun (1663-1677) (1668-1677 Bishop of Trento )

• Archbishop: Gaspard Nemius van den Bosch ou Dubois (1649-1667)

• Bishop: Ulrich VI. de Mont (1661-1692)

• Abt: Christoph Bernhard von Galen (1661-1678) (1650-1678 Bishop of Münster)

• Grand Master: Johann Caspar von Ampringen (1664-1684)

• Bishop Marquard II Schenk von Castell (1637-1685)

• Propst: Johann Christoph III. von Freyberg (1660-1674) (1665-1690 Bishop of Augsburg)

• Bishop: Albrecht Sigismund von Bayern (1651-1685) (1668-1685 Bishop of Regensburg )

• Abbot: Joachim Graf Gravenegg (1644-1671)

• Bishop Maximilian Henry of Bavaria (1650-1688) (1650-1688 Archbishop of Cologne, 1650-1688 Bishop of Liege, 1683-1688 Bishop of Münster, 1650-1688 Provost of Berchtesgaden, in 1657 Abbot of Stavelot - Malmedy)

• Abt: Roman Giel of Gielsberg (1639-1673)

• Bishop Franz Johann Vogt of Altensumerau and Prasberg (1645-1689)

• Administrator: Christian Albrecht of Schleswig -Holstein - Gottorp (1655-1666) (1659-1695 Duke of Schleswig -Holstein - Gottorp )

• Bishop Maximilian Henry of Bavaria (1650-1688) (1650-1688 Archbishop of Cologne, 1650-1688 Bishop of Hildesheim, 1683-1688 Bishop of Münster, 1650-1688 Provost of Berchtesgaden, in 1657 Abbot of Stavelot - Malmedy)

• Administrator: August of Saxe- Weissenfels (1638-1680)

• Bishop Christoph Bernhard von Galen (1650-1678) (1661-1678 Abbot of Corvey )

• Bishop: Ernst August of Brunswick- Lüneburg (1662-1698) (1692-1698 Elector of Brunswick- Lüneburg, 1669-1698 Duke of Braunschweig -Calenberg )

• Bishop: Ferdinand II of Fürstenberg (1661-1683) (1687-1683 Bishop of Münster)

• Bishop: Wenceslaus von Thun (1664-1673)

• Bishop: Adam Lorenz of Toerring Stone (1663-1666)

• Archbishop: Guidobald of Thun (1654-1668) (1666-1668 Bishop of Regensburg )

• Bishop: Lothar Friedrich von Metternich - Burscheid (1652-1675) (1673-1675 Archbishop of Mainz, 1673-1675 Bishop of Worms)

• Abt: Franz Egon von Fürstenberg I. (1657-1682) (1663-1682 Bishop of Strasbourg)

• Bishop Franz Egon of Fürstenberg (1663-1682) (1657-1682 Abbot of Stavelot and Malmedy)

• Bishop Sigismund Francis of Austria (1659-1665) (1646-1665 Bishop of Augsburg)
• Bishop: Ernst Adalbert von Harrach (1665-1667)

• Bishop Johann Philipp I von Schönborn (1663-1673) (1647-1673 Archbishop of Mainz, 1642-1673 Bishop of Würzburg)

• Bishop Johann Philipp von Schönborn (1642-1673) (1647-1673 Archbishop of Mainz, 1663-1673 Bishop of Worms)

• Principality of Anhalt Anhalt- Bernburg Prince: Victor Amadeus I. (1656-1718)

• Prince Johann Georg II (1660-1693)

• Prince Wilhelm Ludwig (1650-1665)
• Prince: Lebrecht (1665-1669) (1654-1665 Prince of Anhalt - Plötzkau )
• Prince Emanuel (1665-1670) (1654-1665 Prince of Anhalt - Plötzkau )

• Prince: Lebrecht (1654-1665) (1665-1669 Prince of Anhalt - Köthen )
• Prince Emanuel (1654-1665) (1665-1670 Prince of Anhalt - Köthen )

• Prince: John VI. (1621-1667)

• Duke Philipp Franz (1640-1674) ( to 1644 Prince )

• Baden -Baden Margrave Wilhelm (1622-1677)

• Margrave Friedrich VI. (1659-1677)

• Margrave Albrecht II (1634-1667)

• Margrave Christian Ernst (1655-1712)

• Calenberg -Göttingen Duke: Georg Wilhelm (1648-1665) (1665-1705 Duke of Brunswick -Lüneburg )
• Duke Johann Friedrich (1665-1679)

• Duke Christian Ludwig (1648-1665) (1641-1648 Duke of Braunschweig- Calenberg- Göttingen)
• Duke: Georg Wilhelm (1665-1705) (1648-1665 Duke of Braunschweig- Calenberg- Göttingen)

• Duke: August II (1635-1666)

• Landgraf: Louis VI. (1661-1678)

• Landgrave Wilhelm VII (1663-1670)

• Prince Philipp (1661-1671)

• Prince: Meinrad I. (1638-1681)

• Duke Philipp Wilhelm (1653-1679) (1685-1690 Elector Palatine, 1653-1690 Duke of Palatinate -Neuburg )

• Duke Maximilian Philipp Hieronymus (1650-1705)

• Prince Karl Eusebius (1627-1684)

• Duke: Charles IV (1625-1634, 1641, 1661-1670 )

• Mecklenburg- Güstrow Duke Gustav Adolf (1636-1695) (1636-1648 Administrator of Ratzeburg )

• Duke Christian Ludwig I (1658-1692)

• Ottonian line Nassau -Diez Prince: Henry Casimir II (1664-1696) (1664-1696 governor of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe)

• Prince Heinrich (1662-1701)

• Prince Moritz Heinrich (1653-1679)

• Prince Johann Franz Desideratus (1638-1699) ( before 1652 Count )

• Prince Johann Moritz (1623-1679) ( before 1652 Count )
• Prince Georg Friedrich (1623-1674) ( to 1664 Count )

• Archduke Leopold V. (1657-1705) (1658-1705 Emperor 1657-1705 King of Bohemia, King of Hungary 1657-1705 )

• Prince Georg Christian (1660-1665)
• Prince: Christian Eberhard (1665-1708) ( to 1690 under guardianship )
• Regent: Christine Charlotte of Württemberg (1665-1690)

• Duke Philipp Wilhelm (1653-1690) (1685-1690 Elector Palatine, 1653-1679 Duke of Jülich and Berg )

• Duke: Christian August (1656-1708)

• Duke Leopold Ludwig (1634-1694)

• Duke Friedrich Ludwig (1661-1681)

• Saxe-Altenburg Duke Friedrich Wilhelm II (1639-1669)

• Duke Ernst I. (1640-1672) (1672-1675 Duke of Saxe- Gotha -Altenburg )

• Duke Johann Ernst II (1662-1683)

• Duke Julius Henry (1656-1665)
• Duke; Franz Erdmann (1665-1666)

• Duke Christian Albrecht (1659-1695) (1655-1666 Administrator of Lübeck)

• Duke: Christian Adolf I ( 1653-1667/1702 ) ( 1667 Sonderburg loses to Denmark, 1676-1702 Duke of Schleswig -Holstein -Sonderburg -Franz Hagen)

• Duke Ernst Günther (1627-1689)

• Duke: August Philipp (1627-1675)

• Duke: Christian (1663-1698)

• Duke Johann Bogislaw (1656-1669)

• Duke Joachim Ernst (1622-1671)

• Duke Philipp Ludwig (1627-1689)

• Duke Eberhard III. (1628-1674)

• County of Hanau Count Friedrich Casimir (1642-1685) (1641-1642 Count of Hanau- Lichtenberg)

• Lippe- Biesterfeld Graf: Jobst Hermann (1627-1678)

• Count: Kasimir (1657-1692)

• Count Hermann Adolf (1652-1665)
• Graf: Simon Henry (1665-1697)

• Walramische line Nassau- Idstein Count Johann (1629-1677) (1627-1629 Count of Nassau -Saarbrücken -Weilburg )

• Count Johann Ludwig (1659-1690) (1640-1659 Count of Nassau -Saarbrücken )

• Count Gustav Adolf (1640-1677)

• Graf: Walrad (1659-1702) ( from 1688 onwards Prince, 1640-1659, Count of Nassau -Saarbrücken )

• Count Friedrich (1655-1675)

• Count Anton Günther (1603-1667)

• Count Georg Reinhard (1658-1666)

• Reuss elder branch Reuss- Obergreiz Lord Henry I (1629-1681) (from 1673 Count )

• Lord Henry V (1604-1616, 1625-1667) (1616-1625 Lord of Reuss - Greiz, 1643-1667 Lord of Reuss - Burgk )

• Reuss- Gera Lord Henry II (1635-1670)

• Lord Heinrich X. (1647-1671) (1635-1647 Lord of Reuss -Gera )

• Lord Henry I (1647-1666) (1640-1647 Lord of Reuss -Gera, 1666-1673 Lord of Reuss - Schleiz, 1673-1692 Count of Reuss- Schleiz )

• Lord Henry IX. (1647-1666) (1635-1647 Lord of Reuss -Gera )

• Graf: Philip I (1647-1681)

• Count Albert Anton (1646-1710)

• Graf: Christian Günther II (1642-1666) ( in Arnstadt )
• Count Anton Günther I. (1642-1666) (in special Hausen )
• Count Ludwig Günther II (1642-1681) ( in Ebeleben, 1666 in Arnstadt )

• Count Heinrich Wolrad (1645-1664)

• Graf: Christian Ludwig (1645-1706)
• Graf: Josiah II (1645-1669)

• Italian States Genoa Doge: Stefano De Mari (1663-1665)
• Doge: Cesare Durazzo (1665-1667)

• Duke: Ferrante III. Gonzaga (1632-1678)

• Pope Alexander VII (1655-1667)

• Duke: Philip IV of Spain (1621-1665)
• Duke: Charles II of Spain (1665-1700) Governor Luis de Guzmán Ponce de Leon (1662-1668)

• Duke Carlo II Gonzaga (1637-1665)
• Duke Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga (1665-1708)

• Duke: Alberico II Cibo - Malaspina (1662-1690) ( to 1664 Prince )

• Duke Alessandro Pico II (1637-1691)

• Duke Francesco II d' Este (1662-1694)

• Duke Carlo II Gonzaga (1637-1665)
• Duke Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga (1665-1708)

• King: Philip IV of Spain (1621-1665)
• King: Charles II of Spain (1665-1700) Viceroy: Pascual de Aragón (1664-1666)

• Duke: Ranuccio II Farnese (1646-1694)

• Prince: Giovan Battista Ludovisi (1664-1699)

• Captains Regent: Francesco Maccioni (1664-1655, 1668-1669, 1674, 1679, 1683, 1688-1689, 1692, 1696, 1699-1700, 1706-1707, 1710-1711 ) and Giovanni Serafini ( 1637-1638, 1642, 1648, 1653, 1656-1657, 1660, 1664-1665, 1671-1672, 1675, 1681)
• Captains Regent: Ottavio Giannini (1645-1646, 1652, 1655-1656, 1659, 1665, 1669, 1673, 1678-1679 ) and Francesco Angeli ( 1659/60-1660, 1665, 1669, 1673-1674, 1677, 1681 - 1682, 1688, 1695)
• Captains Regent: Carlo Tosini (1650-1651, 1654-1655, 1661-1662, 1665-1666, 1671-1672, 1675-1676, 1679-1680, 1683-1684) and Cionini Sforza ( 1628, 1632-1633, 1641 - 1642, 1645, 1655, 1661, 1665-1666, 1672-1673 )

• Duke: Charles Emmanuel II (1638-1675)

• King: Philip IV of Spain (1621-1665)
• King: Charles II of Spain (1665-1700) Viceroy: Francesco Caetani (1662-1667) (1660-1662 governor of Milan )

• Grand Duke Ferdinando II de ' Medici (1621-1670)

• Doge Domenico Contarini II (1659-1675)

• Monaco Prince Louis I. (1662-1701)

• Ottoman Empire Sultan Mehmed IV (1648-1687)

• Poland King John II Casimir (1648-1669)

• Portugal King Alfonso VI. (1656-1682)

• Prussia Duke Friedrich Wilhelm (1640-1688)

• Russia Tsar Alexei I. (1645-1676)

• Sweden King Karl XI. (1660-1697)

• Transylvania Prince Michael I. Apafi (1661-1690)

• Spain King: Philip IV (1621-1665)
• King: Charles II (1665-1700) underage to 1675 Regent Maria Anna of Austria (1665-1675)

• Hungary King Leopold I. (1657-1705)