Ob River
Course of the Ob within its catchment area
Whether in Barnaul
The Ob ( Russian Обь ) is a 3650 km long stream in western Siberia (Russia).
- 4.1 Ecological status
- 4.2 reservoirs
River names
Other names of the Ob are Mansi and Khanty Ас, (As, literally "big water " ), Nenets Саля - ям ( Salja -Jam, literally " headlands River " ), Selkup Колд (also Колтте, Колтту, Колта ) ( Kold, Koltte, Kolttu, Kolta ) Куай (also Квай ) ( Kuai, Kwai, literally, " soul " ), Еме (also Ема, Эме ) ( Jeme, Jema, Eme, literally " mother " ), Tatar Омар (also Умар, Эмар, Умар - Ыймар, Умар - дьюмар ) ( Omar, Umar, Emar, Umar - ymar, Umar - djumar ) and teleutisch Тойбодым ( Toibodym, literally " great River" ).
River course
The Ob River is formed by the union of the two from the southern Siberian Altai rivers Biya and Katun coming near the town Bijsk. Whether the flows below the town of Barnaul the great Kamen reservoir and then the Novosibirsk Reservoir, at the dam, the city is Novosibirsk.
Then it flows in a northwesterly direction through the West Siberian Lowland. He passes through the cities of Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut and Khanty-Mansiysk. After the last-mentioned city and about 300 kilometers to the north west, the Whether shares in the Great Whether and small Whether on (446 or 456 km long ) located in the north - unite fluently before the North Siberian Salechard again - east of the Urals.
From this city, where the Ob bends eastwards to flow approximately parallel to the Arctic Circle, it is for Russian- Siberian conditions ( губа Обская, Obskaya guba ) only a short distance to its mouth in the Obbusen. However, this more than 800 -kilometer-long and up to 70 kilometers wide Gulf is no longer a river but as already part of the Kara Sea estuary, which in turn is part of the Arctic Ocean. However, he has driven by the great waters of the Ob, a strong flowing northward flow on.
Hydrology
Flow lengths
The length of the Ob can be measured in several ways:
- 3650 km = Whether without Katun ( his longest river source )
- 4338 km = Whether Katun Katun = Ob-
- 5410 km = Irtysh -Ob = length of the Irtysh ( 4248 km ) Length Whether underflow ( 1162 km )
- 6210 km = Irtysh -Ob - Obbusen = Total length with the 800 km long Obbusen
Depending on the type of measurement is whether the fourth -, sixth -, fifteenth or vierundzwanzigstlängste river in the world.
Catchment area
The catchment area of 2,972,497 km ² is Obs (which is more than 8.3 times the area of the Federal Republic of Germany ). Shall be allotted to its longest tributary of the Irtysh around 1.673 million km ² and its source rivers Biya and Katun around 37,000 or 70,000 km ². The catchment area of the Ob is the seventh largest in the world.
In addition to Russia, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China and Mongolia share in the catchment area of the Ob. The shares of China and Mongolia are limited to the Irtysh River and its tributaries, while Kazakhstan beside still owns shares in the catchment area of the Alei.
Around 85 % of the catchment area of the Ob are the West Siberian Plain, only in the south and southeast by flows of whether at its upper reaches the South Siberian mountains of Mongolian Altai and Great and the Kuznetsk Alatau and the Mittelgebirgszug of Salairrückens.
Whether this case, the landscapes through flows of different bio-physical conditions. From the deserts and semi-deserts in its headwaters on the steppes to its headwaters and the swampy taiga landscape at its middle and lower reaches to the southern foothills of the forest-tundra and tundra in the region of the mouth and the Obbusens he crosses on his run, the typical continental vegetation and climates of central and northern Asia.
Flow regime
The Whether has a typical nivales flow regime. In these, the outflow is mainly controlled by the snow melt. Therefore, are typical strong peak flows in the spring and early summer and low flows from late summer to the end of winter. At the upper reaches of the Ob nivale the flow regime is still pronounced in the variant of the hill country, but this is soon over in a nivales regime of the lowlands.
Thus, the Ob in Barnaul with an average of approximately 281 m³ / s in February its lowest monthly runoff values , the month with the greatest runoff is June with good 3660 m³ / s, with a catchment area (total and effective) 169,000 km ² (average values 1922-2000 ). The lowest low water was measured in March 1956 with 191 m³ / s, the highest flood in June 1969 with 7080 m³ / s.
The amounts of water close to be at the mouth at Salechard around March 3460 m³ / s, and after the snow melts in June 32,630 m³ / s (average 1930-1999 ), with a catchment area of 295,000 km ² total or 243,000 km ² effective. The Mean drain here is 12,490 m³ / s The lowest measured discharge values in Salechard were 2,120 m³ / s in March 1969, the highest 43 470 m³ / s in August 1979.
In relation to its respective catchment area know of Whether a mittelere annual runoff of 8.81 l / (s · km ²) on the upper reaches in Barnaul (average 1936-1989 ) and 5.25 l / (s · km ²) on the lower reaches in Salechard ( averages 1936-1994) on.
Discharge values of the Ob at the station Salechard 1930-1999
Ice drift and Ice Blast
The whether is covered on its upper reaches on average for about 150, on the lower reaches on average 220 days a year with ice. During the spring it very often leads to formation of Eisstößen when the ice of the river already melting on its upper reaches and the snow in the catchment area in the south, the middle and lower reaches, however, is still frozen.
The piled-up through the ice dam ice dams on the river, the water level can rise by several meters in a very short time. These early annual floods can inundate over a width of 40 km of the valley of the Ob. In order to accelerate the breaking of the ice and to prevent flooding, charges shall be dropped from the air to the ice dams and over again, such as in the region of Novosibirsk.
Tributaries
The Irtysh River, which is much longer at the confluence as the Ob with its headwaters, is its main tributary. The catchment area of the Ob, there are around 150,000 rivers.
Whether the flow is downward considered, among others, these rivers fed (first line: source rivers, with details of the catchment area in km ², length in km and runoff in m³ / s):
The rivers Nadym, Pur and Tas also come as hydrological zone of if, because they open into the Obbusen or its eastern Seitenästuar, the Tasbusen.
Importance
The Ob River is one of the most important waterways for development of the north of Siberia near the Yenisei River in central Siberia and the Lena in eastern Siberia. The river is navigable along its upper reaches on average during 190 days, and on the lower reaches during 150 days of the year. In the river system of the Ob existed in 1973 more than 260 ports and piers and more than 150 industrial quays.
The main ports on the Ob are Novosibirsk ( founded in 1936 ), Surgut ( 1964) and Labytnangi (1948 ). Here, the Whether used primarily for transporting goods such as logs, lumber, building materials, food and coal in and out of the north. The transport in east-west direction takes over the railroad, such as the Trans-Siberian Railway, which crosses the river Ob in Novosibirsk, and their by- lines. In addition to the transport of goods is also of whether the carriage of passengers, even on long journeys in the area of the river and its tributaries, as well as the excursion traffic.
In addition to the importance as an inland waterway Whether is also used for energy, the hydroelectric power plant at the Novosibirsk Reservoir supplies, for example Novosibirsk with electricity. The annual usable amounts of energy of the river system were estimated at 250 GWh Whether.
In addition, the water of the Ob is also used to supply the industry with hot water and the drinking water supply for the local population.
The 50 occurring in the Ob, its tributaries and the Obbusen fish species form the basis of river fishing on the Ob. Occurring species are sturgeon, including, for example, the starlet, pike, carp fish like different Rutilus and Carassius species, ide and dace, burbot, perch and various fish such as salmon and Njelma Coregonus species such Muksun, Large Bodenrenke and peled.
Ecological status
It can not be ruled out for the future, that the waters of extremely radioactive contaminated Karachay Lake via groundwater flow in contact with the Ob comes.
Reservoirs
The Whether flows through, among others, these reservoirs:
- Kamen reservoir
- Novosibirsk Reservoir ( 1072 km ², a maximum of 8.8 billion m³)
Places along the river
The largest cities on the river are the millions of Novosibirsk as well as the cities of Barnaul, Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk. Listed below are the today or historically important places on the Ob, its tributaries or performed in close proximity with their membership of the federal subjects of Russia in the flow direction:
- Barnaul
- Arrived on whether
- Nowoaltaisk
- Ordynskoje
- Whether
- Berdsk
- Novosibirsk *
- Kolpashevo
- Narym
- Streschewoi
- Nefteyugansk
- Poikowski
- Priobje
- Labytnangi
- Salechard
Note: * mainly on the right bank